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1990: When Intelligence agencies were targeted in Kashmir

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1990: When Intelligence agencies were targeted in Kashmir

(Kashmir Rechords Exclusive)

The Intelligence Bureau (IB), India’s internal intelligence agency, reputed to be the oldest such organization had suffered major causalities in Kashmir Valley in 1990, beginning from January 2.  On January 27, when the world observes International Holocaust Remembrance Day, it is an opportunity to reassert Nation’s commitment to human rights and to commemorate the sacrifices of its intelligence officials that are not discussed in the public domain. The intelligence inputs provided by these unsung heroes are vital for the nation’s security and protection. Therefore, it is important for their sacrifices to be recognised and honoured.

There are many heart-wrenching stories of officials of the Intelligence Bureau (IB) who made supreme sacrifice in the line of duty while exposing the Pakistan-sponsored terrorism in Jammu and Kashmir. Their sacrifices may have remained hidden from the public eye to ensure the secrecy of the organisation. But it is necessary to tell the present generation all that what  had happened during the initial phase of militancy in Kashmir.

Beeru town in the Budgam district of Kashmir, was known to be a stronghold of the fundamentalist militant groups. That is why the work done by Krishan Gopal Chouhan, 37, a Sub-Inspector of the Intelligence Bureau (IB) was considered valuable.

Chouhan ran a one-man operation in this town. His success had already been noticed by the militants.  On January 8, 1990, his luck ran out. A man in the Pheran was stalking Chouhan in the bustling street of Beeru. He pulled out a Kalashnikov from his Pheran and shot IB Official five times.

A few hours after Chouhan’s death, terrorists   had struck again.  This time killing Inspector Hameedullah Bhat of the State’s counter-espionage cell in Srinagar’s Rawalpora locality. Bhat was the fourth state intelligence man killed by terrorists. Since September 1989, militants had killed several civilians also, accused them of being informers.

With the death of Chouhan, the IB had lost its second field operative within a week. Earlier, on January 2, 1990, R.N.P. Singh, Assistant Central Intelligence officer at Anantnag, was shot dead. More such killings of IB officials unfortunately continued in early 1990.

Behind each death was a horrifying tale that causes a shudder in the spine. One such heart-breaking story was that of Tej Krishen Razdan, a Technical Officer in IB, Gupkar Road, Srinagar. He was killed by a Pakistan trained Kashmiri terrorist in Srinagar. During the time of this incident, terrorism was at its peak in the Valley and the state administration was paralysed. But the grim and haunting situation did not deter the official to render his duty. On  February 14,   1990, he visited his residence at Badyar to see his ailing parents. While on his return, he used public transport. But at the mini-bus terminal point Gowkadal, Srinagar, he was forced to disembark from the vehicle and shot down by two unknown youths. Later, his blood-socked body was dragged from the bus stop to Red Cross Chowk, Maisuma Bazar and left at the roadside for public view. The nearby shopkeepers and onlookers were unmoved watching enemy forces robbing an Indian official of his life and dignity. On receiving the information, a police jeep from the Police Control Room came to pick up the body. As the driver came near the body, he asked for help from the people around the spot for lifting the body and placing it in the police vehicle. None of them came forward and the driver was forced to drag the body to the vehicle. At the police control room, the body was handed over to the bereaved family for the last rites.

R.M.P.Singh who was posted as IB officer in Anantnag District of the Kashmir valley was shot by Manzoor Darzi, a terrorist belonging to the Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF) at the main bus stand. The official was returning home in the evening with groceries for the family who were staying in government quarters. He succumbed to the bullets on the footpath of the main road. His bullet-riddled body sprawled on the ground with no immediate medical aid. Instead of saving the life of an Indian official, locals in the market area were seen in jubilation.

On January 15, 1990, Moti Lal Bhan was the fourth IB official targeted by the JKLF militant outfit. On that fateful day, Bhan had left for office along with his son and boarded the Khanda shuttle bus service on Natipora’s side. Three youth, led by Bitta Karate, barged into the coach and ordered Bhan to get down from the bus. He protested and argued. A co-passenger intervened not to force Bhan to get down from the bus. In a fit of anger, one of the intruders pulled the trigger of the gun and shot the co-passenger Mohd Akbar Wani on the spot and a pall of gloom and panic spread among other commuters in the shuttle bus. Soon after, they fired upon Bhan in the head at point-blank range. Not a single person in that bus came to the rescue of Bhan and the co-passenger who lost his life defending him. The fault of Bhan was that he had handled the operation of apprehending Abdul Ahad Waza, a Pakistan trained Kashmiri Terrorist.

In yet another incident the same year, Rafiq Ahmed Wani of ShalaKadal, Srinagar who was working as a Security Assistant in IB was gunned down at his home when he had come on leave from Assam to celebrate Eid with his parents.

Pakistan-sponsored terrorism had already surfaced in the Kashmir with the occurrences of stray bomb blasts in the valley. The alarming one was the attack at the residence of the then DIG, Kashmir A.M.Watali. In the month of December 1989, after Rubaiya Sayeed was kidnapped some of the known IB field officers were threatened by JKLF terrorists.

Warning signals ignored

It is true that many of the warning signs were ignored by those concerned. The ground reports from IB and other sister agencies active in the Jammu and Kashmir, about the Kashmiri youth crossing over the border to undergo arms training in ISI run camps in Pakistan Occupied Kashmir (PoK) were adequately available with the Central government. The events of violence, bomb blasts, and sudden firing at the vintage crossing, and selective killing of Hindu minorities were providing proofs the spread of terrorism in the valley. The silence of the local populace and inaction of the state apparatus was rendering inadvertent support to the terrorists in the valley. It was simmering in the majority community that these gun-wielding terrorists claiming to fight for Azadi of Kashmir from India should be supported by all the community members. Participation in every religious congregation was rising, mostly on Fridays, purposely to remain abreast about the `struggle of Kashmir insurgency’.

Unfortunately, the Indian government could not understand the magnitude of the hostile situation that was growing in the valley. It kept ignoring the signs and classified them as law-and-order problems.

The killings can also be traced back to the imprudent decision of the IB headquarters in organising a one-day DG conference in mid of 1989 at Centaur Hotel, Srinagar. This exposed the workings of the IB department in the valley. Farooq Abdullah, the then CM was the chief guest of the conference. Without calibrating on the pros and cons of the situation in a sensitive region, the conference failed to strengthen the national security apparatus and also ignored the enemy’s strategy of sneaking into the system. All the conference did was to gravely compromise the functioning of IB and make its officials the first to be on the hit list of terrorists in the Kashmir region.

 IB was eyesore for political leadership in Kashmir

It is also pertinent to mention here that the presence of IB was always an eyesore for political leadership in Kashmir. The design for an“ independent Kashmir’’ got exposed in an interview of Late Sheikh Abdullah to two foreign correspondents, Michael Davidson and Ward Price, in January 1949. IB sleuths were alerted to get the details of the interview given by the late Sheikh through his own contacts. The information about IB inquiring into the details of the meeting with foreign journalists, reached Sheikh Abdullah, who got annoyed. IB Director B M Maullik shared the incident with late Gopalaswami Ayyangar, Senior Minister in charge of Kashmir affairs, in New Delhi. But, the reaction to the IB report shared with Ayyangar was quite unexpected. The IB official posted in the Valley was given marching orders from Kashmir, for the reasons only known to Ayyangar.

It became known later that Ayyangar’s objective was to placate Abdullah for political reasons. However, Abdullah showed some reservations on replacement of IB officer in the valley. Again, Ayyangar had to use his good office in convincing Sheikh Abdullah to keep IB officers stationed in the valley. During this time, Sardar Patel had disclosed to the IB Director that he did not trust Abdullah. Maharaja Hari Singh was in touch with Patel and had informed him about the hidden agenda of Sheikh Abdullah.

Aversion towards IB’s role in the valley had started since independence but came to the fore when Late Mirza Afzal Beigh and G Parthasarthy talks in 1972-73 began and during the talk, late Sheikh Abdullah insisted on total winding off IB from the state.

When Baramulla bore the brunt of tribal raid

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When Baramulla bore the brunt of tribal raid
(Kashmir Rechords Exclusive)

When the tribal raiders from Pakistan entered Kashmir in October 1947, the Valley was plunged into chaos. But nowhere was the suffering more concentrated, more haunting, than in Baramulla. For thirteen harrowing days, this serene town at the gateway to the Valley lived through what survivors would later call “thirteen years of hell.”

The invaders—armed tribesmen backed by Pakistan—descended upon Baramulla with a fury that spared no one. The town was looted, torched, and left soaked in blood. Hindu, Muslim, Sikh, or Christian—it made little difference to the marauders. Eminent lawyer and author K.L. Gauba, in his book Inside Pakistan (1948), recorded that “the raiders made little distinction between their victims.”

A Town Drenched in Blood

Gauba estimated that over a thousand people were killed in Baramulla alone. Among the slain were Lt. Col. and Mrs. Dykes, four Sisters of Mercy, and a Mother Superior from the Convent of St. Joseph’s. The Dykes’ infant child, Gauba writes with chilling simplicity, “was thrown down a well.”

Even the sacred walls of the mission hospital and convent offered no sanctuary. Captured tribesmen later confessed that the Europeans were killed on the very day the raiders stormed the town. The hospital and post office were destroyed, hostages taken, and every semblance of order obliterated.

The Loot That Never Ended

The assault on Baramulla was led by Major Khurshid Anwar, with Major Mohammed Aslam among his subordinates. Their force, numbering between 3,000 and 5,000, operated in waves—some coming, others leaving—each group looting anew. “The same sections of the town were plundered repeatedly,” Gauba noted.

When the raiders finally fled, nearly a hundred lorries—many bearing license plates from Pakistan’s Frontier Province and Punjab—stood lined up, laden with stolen goods. “There was not a grain of rice or a yard of cloth left,” Gauba lamented.

A Valley Torn by Fire and Fear

The road from Baramulla to Uri was littered with the wreckage of trucks and carts abandoned by the fleeing invaders. Overhead, Associated Press photographer Max Despott saw the devastation firsthand: “More than twenty villages were in flames,” he reported on November 2, 1947. The marauders were moving toward Srinagar, burning and looting everything in their path.

On the propaganda front too, the raiders came prepared. Leaflets printed at Lahore’s Jilani Press were scattered across villages, seeking to sway the local populace with promises and threats. Radio Pakistan was further fueling the fire.

The Mission’s Long Captivity

British journalist Andrew Whitehead, in A Mission in Kashmir, recounts how about eighty survivors—missionaries, locals, and refugees—were held captive for ten days in the hospital’s baby ward. Among them was Father George Shanks, who emerged as the leader of the trapped group, and Sydney Smith of the Daily Express, who had been captured while reporting on the conflict.

Their ordeal ended only when Indian troops liberated Baramulla on November 8, 1947. The invaders fled, leaving behind a shattered town and the echoes of their brutality.

The World Watches in Horror

The global press was quick to document the barbarity. The New York Times correspondent Robert Trumbull wrote on November 10, 1947, that “Baramulla had been stripped of its wealth and its young women.” He reported that 3,000 townspeople—including the Dykes and four European missionaries—had been slaughtered, and that 350 Hindus were locked in a building meant to be set ablaze.

The Times of London on November 11, 1947 noted that the survivors “seemed delighted to welcome the Indian troops.” The horror, however, would remain etched in memory forever.

The Orgy of Violence

As Raghvendra Singh, former Secretary in India’s Ministry of Culture, later wrote, “The raiders turned on everybody that came their way. They started wholesale loot, arson, and orgy. They burnt property of Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims alike. They killed children, old men, and women—and committed rape on every young woman, Hindu, Muslim, or Sikh.”

Baramulla’s suffering became the defining image of Pakistan’s first invasion of Kashmir. The massacre at St. Joseph’s Convent, the killing of missionaries, and the desecration of a place of healing shocked the world’s conscience.

The Forgotten Horror

Today, few remember that Baramulla was the first town in independent India to face a full-scale foreign invasion. It was also the place where humanity itself was tested—and, for thirteen dark days, found wanting.

The raiders failed to capture Srinagar, but they succeeded in revealing the depths of their savagery. Baramulla paid the price—with its people, its peace, and its very soul.

Massacre at St Joseph’s Mission Hospital Baramulla, Kashmir ( Pics source: Internet)

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Oct 2001 J&K Assembly attack—lest we forget!

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Oct 2001 J&K Assembly attack—lest we forget!

(Kashmir Rechords Exclusive)

On October 1, 2001, Jammu and Kashmir Assembly was attacked in the worst ever strike by Pakistan-backed terrorists who killed about 38 innocent Kashmiris, including  four  security personnel  on duty and injured scores  of other passers-by.  It was exactly 72 days after Srinagar Assembly attack that an identical attack was attempted on Parliament of India the same year on December 13. While Parliament attack anniversary is being held every year to remember all those who lost their lives in guarding the Temple of Democracy, people in Jammu and Kashmir seem to have forgotten the lethal attack on the Legislative Assembly Complex by anti-national elements who used a four-wheeler loaded with explosives, rammed it into the main gate with three “fidayeen’’ suicide bombers,

Pakistan’s involvement

Terrorist outfit “Jaish-e-Mohammed’’ had claimed responsibility for the attack that had unnerved one and all. It was during the Prime Ministership of Sh Atal Bihari Vajpayee that Indian Foreign Ministry had issued a strongly worded statement aimed clearly at the Government of Pakistan. “India cannot accept such manifestations of hate and terror from across its borders,” said the statement.

    Aakhir Kab Tak?

Two days after the attack, in his address to the Legislators on October 3, 2001, the sobbing Chief Minister, and Dr Farooq Abdullah had expressed his helplessness and called for reprisal attacks on Pakistan to bomb the militant training camps there. “Aakhir Kab Tak’’—(How long) was Chief Minister’s poser to Home Minister Lal Krishan Advani as the State was “ running out of patience’’.

Kashmiris, irrespective of their caste, creed or religion have suffered immensely during the time when militancy was at its peak. Thanks to the present leadership at the Centre that all such incidents have now become the thing of the past. However, the Government cannot lower its guard. The enemy may be on the prowl.

  Gory scenes

Kashmir Rechords is bringing out some of the gory pictures of that fateful day (October 1, 2001) to remind the readers how terrorism causes destruction, mayhem and causalities. It also is an indicator that terrorists can resort to any act in order to meet their nefarious designs. In the instant case, they had disguised as security personnel to hijack a vehicle 10 minutes before carrying out the attack.

Among those killed, included a school- going girl.  Five Assembly employees, including a Deputy Secretary and an Under Secretary had also lost their lives in this deadly attack. About 125 persons were inside the Assembly when the terrorists had struck.

A rare publication  in memory of Bhagwan Gopi Nath Ji

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A rare publication  in memory of Bhagwan Gopi Nath Ji
( Kashmir Rechords Exclusive)

 It was in mid 1974 when a rare souvenir was published by K Nanda, Editor from Birla Nagar, Gwalior Madhya Pradesh in memory of Bhagwan Gopi Nath Ji of Kashmir. Kashmir Rechords has managed to get a photocopy of this memento.

The preface of this 52 page memoir carries then President V V Giri’s `Good Wishes’, besides `Blessings’ of Dr S Radhakrishnan, another former President of India.

The publication carries rare photographs of Bhagwan Gopi Nath Ji, facsimile of two Omkar symbols in Sharda, in Bhagwan Gopi Nath Ji’s own handwriting, besides life and history of some other Hindu and Muslim saints of Kashmir.

In his introductory  page,  the Editor gives details about the souvenir while referring to  an article on `Saints of Kashmir’, hoping that  readers will find the same “interesting and informative’’.

  For those associated with the spiritual activities of Shri Bhagwan ji, an exclusive article on his philosophy has been  written and interpreted  by S. N. Fotedar, one of the disciples of Bhagwan Gopi Nath Ji .

Kashmir Rechords will try to bring more details about this memento in its future blogs and write-ups.

For Archival pictures and material on demand, contact Kashmir Rechords

Kashmir’s forgotten Sanskrit Doyen

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Kashmir’s forgotten Sanskrit Doyen
(By: Kanwal Krishan Lidhoo)*

There are lives that glow quietly, far away from the glare of recognition, yet leave behind a light that guides generations. Pandit Dina Nath Yaksh’s life was one such radiant flame. A man of extraordinary scholarship and rare missionary zeal, he embodied what Indian spiritual thought calls a Karamyogi—one who devotes every breath of his existence to a higher cause without seeking reward.

Yet, irony overshadows his legacy. Despite his monumental contribution, Pandit Yaksh remains a forgotten name in the annals of Indian scholarship. Newspapers barely acknowledged his passing. Thanks to a modest felicitation at Sanjeevani Sharda Kendra in Jammu at the fag-end of his life and a few humble homage columns after his demise, his life’s work went largely unnoticed. Only a handful of eminent scholars, such as Padma Shri Dr. Vishwamurti Shastri, truly recognised the immense debt Sanskrit studies owe to him.

Pt Dina Nath Yaksh bening felicitated by Sanjeevani Sharda Kendra Jammu.

A Life Sacrificed for Knowledge

Pandit Yaksh lived for manuscripts. He pursued the recovery and preservation of rare texts with a zeal that bordered on the ascetic. It is said that he used money set aside for his daughter’s wedding to purchase ancient manuscripts, and at one point even pawned her jewellery to continue his mission. For him, Sanskrit was not just a language—it was a sacred trust that had to be saved, even at personal cost.

Today, countless researchers and scholars draw upon the rare archival treasures he rescued and catalogued. Many have built careers, written books, and earned fortunes using these texts. And yet, few have paused to acknowledge the man who made all this possible.

A Personal Glimpse of a Legend

This author had the rare fortune of visiting Pandit Yaksh at his modest Subash Nagar residence in Jammu, only months before his passing in 2004. Age and illness had left him frail, but his spirit remained unbroken. His ever-present smile, his humility and his eagerness to discuss Sanskrit and Kashmiri intellectual traditions left a deep impression. Even in the twilight of his life, he spoke not of hardship, but of the enormity of the mission he had undertaken—almost as if it were never his burden, but a duty handed down by destiny.

When he left this world on 4th October 2004, an era quietly came to a close. With him ended a tradition of unyielding dedication to Sanskrit’s shastric systems—a legacy that will take nothing less than a herculean effort to revive.

From Srinagar to Scholarship

Born in Srinagar on 12th June 1921, Pandit Dina Nath Yaksh’s intellectual journey began early. He attended Pathshalas and studied Karmakanda (ritual practices) and grammar under Pandit Ramjoo Kokiloo and Pandit Raghunath Kokiloo. His training in astrology came from Kashmir’s legendary Pandit Keshav Bhatt Jyotshi, while Pandit Parshuram Shastri and Pandit Kakaram Shastri of Jammu sharpened his command of Sanskrit grammar.

  During his Shastri course at Punjab University, Lahore, he studied Nyaya (logic) and Kavya Shastra (poetics) under the guidance of Pandit Ananda Kak and Pandit Nathram Shastri. His thirst for knowledge was insatiable, and it prepared him for a life that would bridge Kashmir’s intellectual past with modern scholarship.

In 1945, he had  joined the Jammu and Kashmir Research and Publication Department in Srinagar as a copyist. By the time he retired in 1976, he had risen to the position of Head-Pandit. But retirement never slowed him down. He went on to serve as Research Associate at the University of Kashmir’s Centre for Central Asian Studies, the Archaeological Department of J&K, and later the Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan, which honoured him with the prestigious Sastrachudamani fellowship.

Exile and the Final Chapter

Like countless other Kashmiri Pandits, Pandit Yaksh was forced to flee his beloved Kashmir in 1990, driven out by the violence of militancy. In the chaos of exile, he had to abandon his cherished personal library—one of the richest collections of manuscripts and texts painstakingly built over decades. Losing it was like losing a part of his soul.

And yet, he carried on with quiet dignity until the very end.

If Sanskrit scholarship thrives today, if researchers still discover the depths of Kashmir’s ancient traditions, it is because one man chose to sacrifice comfort, wealth, and recognition in service of a higher calling. Pandit Dina Nath Yaksh remains, in every sense, a forgotten Rishi of modern India.

*Kanwal Krishan Lidhoo, an accredited translator of Kashmiri, Urdu and Hindi by Sahitya Akademi New Delhi and Indian Institute of Languages Mysore,  was  associated with the institution of All India Radio (AIR) where he worked as a Senior Producer at Radio Kashmir Srinagar and Jammu. He is one of the Directors of Kashmir Rechords.

  A Lanka in Kashmir!

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  A Lanka in Kashmir!
(Kashmir Rechords Exclusive)

It sounds incredible but it is a fact that Lanka exists in  Kashmir! Situated on the Eastern side of the sprawling Wular Lake, the major portion of this Lanka ( island) is presently submerged in water.

A tip of this Lanka, which is presently seen above water, is now known by the name Zain-Lank, for the reason that Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin is believed to have constructed a mosque near the ruins of a Temple which  earlier existed on the island ( then called Sona Lank)  but was dismantled by Sikander, the iconoclast.

Temple Ruins at Zain Lank, Wular Lake, Kashmir

Unfortunately,hardly any voice has been raised over this very unknown Temple lying in ruins/submerged on this Island (Lanka), in Wular Lake which is connected through Bandipora and Sopore, the two major Towns of North Kashmir.

  Zain Lanka on Temple Debris?

According to J&K’s renowned writer, Jyoteeshwar Pathak, the Zeen Lenkh (Zain Lanka) does not find any mention in the Kalhana’s Rajatarangini. In his write-up published in  `Kashmir Today’  Magazine ( April-May, 1994) and  while  quoting  Moti Lal Saqi’s  Book “Aager Neb’’ , mentions that there was no existence of the island before the 12th century AD,  but the same was raised in  Wular lake with debris of several dismantled temples  which used to be in the vicinity of  villages around Wular Lake.

 Charles Ellison Bate’s Gazetteer of Kashmir provides similar description stating that during the rule of Zain-ul-Abidin (1420-70) the remains of the temples dismantled by Sikander, the iconoclast were thrown into the Lake  where an island was developed and given the name Lanka.  Historian Anand Koul Bamzai writes that the Island is  no other than Sona-Lankh (the golden island), now called Zain Lank.

Jonaraja, the poet laureate in the court of Zain-ul-Abidin provides a significant evidence about this island. According to him, the surroundings around  Wular Lake during 9th Century used to present a unique example of archaeology. The stone laden boats were sailed into Mahapadmasar, (the Wular) and the land thus developed was named as Lenkh (Lanka or Island). A royal palace was built in the lake under the supervision of Engineer Suyya, the  9th century engineer who is identified with Suyyapur (Present-day Sopore), Kashmir.

However, Jyoteeshwar Pathak says that an inscription in the Sri Pratap Singh Museum, Srinagar provides an insight in the existence of this island. This inscription refers to the island as the Zain Lank ( Island).

A Page from Kashmir Today ( 1994)– A Publication of Directorate of Department of Information, J&K Government.

Mirza Haider Daghlak, a ruler of Kashmir in the early 15th century has been quoted saying, “Zeen Lankh” was an ideal spot for picnics and entertainments. The island was 100 feet long and 75 feet wide. The King had developed a beautiful garden over this island, which included the fruit laden trees and flowers of several kinds. There was a three storey building on the northern side and a beautiful mosque.

 Travellers to Kashmir’s Lanka

François Bernier (1673) in his travelogue provides a detail of the ‘Zain Lankh’. According to him, there was a small hut in the middle of the lake with a small garden adjoining it.

This quadrangle island has perhaps vanished by the time William Moorcroft (1767 – 27 August 1825) visited the site. According to him, the circumference of the island was 300 yard. The structure expected in the island was definitely related to the Indian architectures. These structures are now in a dilapidated stage. He found neither any inscription nor any idol there. The temple  pillars were, however, found in the scattered state. There was, however, a quadrangle building on the left side. There were some hutments over the island, which were inhabited by entirely poor people.

Baron Charles Hügel, who visited this site in 1835 AD, writes: “There is   a small island near the banks called Lanka. Several experiments on astrology were performed there”. According to him, the mosque built by Hassan Khan and the palaces built by Zain-ul-Abidin are particularly attractive.

Sir Richard Temple visited the place in 1859. According to him, the Lanka is quite an attractive place. The whole of area is full of mud and marsh and it has lost beauty due to submergence in water. The architecture of the temple resembles the ancient temple architecture. These are the remains of mosque built by Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin where the king used to worship in the month of Ramadan.

Present Day Lanka

The island is definitely  in a dilapidated   condition and requires an urgent attention. There are reports of having thrown the ruins of temple into water in order to pave the way for the construction of a new mosque there. However, some old temple structures and boulders still exist. The Island is an ideal place for the Department of  State Archaeology and Archaeological Survey of India  (ASI)  to help them in waking  up from the  deep slumber. J&K Government can develop it as a Tourist Spot, while Historians can further dig the debris on which the island lies.

For locals, especially for fishermen,  the Island was and is still a safe and protected place whenever anything untoward or unfortunate  happens in the Lake area. They protect themselves during storms and high speed winds. They believe that even if the water level rises in the Wular, the island remains afloat.

 Catastrophe: When over 9,000 Kashmiri Pandits died at Harmukh Ganga!

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 Catastrophe: When over 9,000 Kashmiri Pandits died at Harmukh Ganga!
(By: K R Ishan)

Kashmiri Pandits have suffered a lot at the hands of tyrants! Even Nature has been cruel towards them!. This is evident from that fact that over 9,000 Kashmiri Pandits, including children and women, had perished on their way to Harmukh Ganga pilgrimage, over 500 years ago in 1516 AD!  Harmukh, originally “Haramukuta” is a mountain with a peak elevation of 5,142 metres (16,870 ft), in the present Ganderbal district of Jammu and Kashmir.

 There is a mention of this tragic incident in many books and records, but unfortunately, most people are unaware of this catastrophe that had befallen on Kashmiri Pandits!

 Pandit Anand Koul in his 100 year old book “The Kashmiri Pandit’’  (1924)  makes a mention of this tragic incident. The incident had taken place during the reign of Sultan Fateh Shah (1489 A.D.), the 12th Sultan of Kashmir. For nine years, his Minister was Musa Raina, a bigoted Shia, who had tyrannised Hindus, imposing jaziya on them and destroying their temples.

  A Double Whammy for Kashmiri Pandits

It is said of Musa Raina that he had forcibly converted 24,000 Brahmin families to his own religion. In 1516 AD, about 10,000 Kashmiri Pandits had decided to undertake a   pilgrimage to Harmukh Ganga, in order to immerse the ashes of those 800 Hindus who had been massacred during Ashura.  However, Nature too resorted to a double whammy   when Pandits  on a pilgrimage to the Harmukh Ganga, perished at  Mahalesh Marg owing to having lost their way at night.  According to Anand Koul, the place where they perished is called Hap Radan (dead defile).

 Anand Koul quotes the following Persian couplet that gives the chronogram of this catastrophe:-

Az biyábán kashida sar tarikh Ghút guftá “Tabáhiye Panditán.”
—-Meaning “having lifted its head from the desert, the date was said by the will-o’-the-wisp— “the destruction of the Pandits’’.

 Poet-historian Suka Pandit too says about this cataclysm.  “Ganga was oppressed with hunger, as it was after a long time that she had devoured bones; she surely devoured the men also who carried the bones.”  It was in fact after a gap of so many years that Pandits were allowed to go on a pilgrimage to Harmukh Lake, which, however, ended in the most devastating tragedy. Suka Pandit was a Kashmiri poet and historian who wrote Rajatarangini between 1517 and 1596.  A student of Prajyabhatta, the  work  of Suka Pandit is considered a supplement to Kalhana’s Rajatarangini.

   Dr  Satish Ganjoo, a noted Historian and a Senior Faculty at Central University of Himachal Pradesh, in his research paper “ A Political Study of Ancient Vedic-Saraswat Kashmiri Pandit Society’’, published in June, 2017, also   makes a mention of this natural catastrophe that had befallen Kashmiri Pandits over 500 years ago. However, while Pt Anand Koul mentions 1516 AD (923 Hijra) as the year of tragedy, Dr Ganjoo quoted the year of tragedy as 1519.

The Dreaded Tyrant Soma Chandra ( Musa Raina)

The tragedy at Harmukh Lake had occurred as the Kashmiri Pandits  who were allowed  to perform this pilgrimage after a long time, wanted to perform the religious rites of all those near and dear ones who had been killed  during the era of  Mir Shamas-ud-Din Iraqi, the  founder of Nurbakhshiyyeh Order (Shia sect) who  had visited Kashmir  Valley twice in 1477 AD  and 1496 AD for  propagating  his faith. He  was helped in his “mission’’  by Soma Chandra,   the most dreaded tyrant, who had rechristened himself  as   Malik Musa Raina after converting to  Shia Islam.

   Not only were the vulnerable Brahmans, even the Sunni Muslims also violently converted to Shia sect by murderous techniques. This dogmatic fanaticism had even crippled the Sunni ruler of Kashmir, Fateh Shah (AD 1510-1517). A khanqah was built at Zadibal, Srinagar by Iraqi, which became the nucleus of Shia concentration.

 Burning Sacred Threads of Pandits

 In his Book, “ This Beautiful India –Jammu and Kashmir” ( 1977), Dr  Sukhdev Singh Chib  mentions that  Iraqi had even issued orders that everyday about 1500 to 2000  Brahmans be brought to his doorsteps, remove their sacred threads, administer Kalima to them, circumcise them and make them eat beef. These decrees were ferociously and brutally carried out. The Hindu religious scriptures from 7th century AD onwards and about 18 magnificent temples were destroyed, property confiscated and women abused. Thousands of Brahmans had killed themselves to evade this horrific barbarism and thousands migrated to other places, resulting in their third tragic mass exodus from the Valley. Those who stayed behind were not only forced to pay jaziya, but their noses and ears were chopped off.

According to Baharistan – i -Shahi, “Dulucha, a Tartar chief from Central Asia, who had invaded Kashmir with 60,000 strong horsemen, had also inflicted terrible miseries upon the people including the Brahmans.

According to W.R. Lawrence, Brahmans of Kashmir were during those days given three choices—death, conversion or exile. “Many fled, many were converted and many were killed, and it is said that this thorough monarch (Sikandar) burnt seven maunds of sacred threads of the murdered Brahmans”. As for the statement of Lawrence, six maunds of sacred threads of converts and seven maunds of murdered Pandits were burnt. The number of people, to whom these thirteen maunds of sacred threads belonged, might have been tremendously colossal. A mammoth number of the Pandits also went into exile, causing the first disastrous mass exodus of the community. Not only Sikandar- the Butshikan, but Suha Bhatta – the convert, also was responsible for this barbarous, murderous and cruel approach towards Kashmiri Pandits.  

The brutal religious persecution of the Kashmiri Pandits has been borne testimony to by almost all the Muslim historians. Hassan, Fauq and Nizam–ud–Din have condemned these excesses in unscathing terms. It was the reign of terror and homicide. Even then, they did not forget their past and rich tradition. As the custodians of their extraordinary cultural heritage, they wrote the illuminating treatises on the stupendous Kashmir Shaivism, colossal literature, splendid art, marvellous music, grammar and medicine.

Dr. Vijay Sazawal’s Poser for Kashmiri Pandits: “Where Do We Go From Here?”

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Dr. Vijay Sazawal’s Poser for Kashmiri Pandits: “Where Do We Go From Here?”

Places the community at the centre of the challenge — makes it clear who the question is directed to.

(Kashmir Rechords Exclusive)

Dr. Vijay K. Sazawal, a Kashmiri-American nuclear scientist and noted commentator on Kashmir affairs, having affiliation  with (www.KashmirForum.org),has issued a thought-provoking appeal to the Kashmiri Pandit community, asking them to critically examine how they commemorate their collective tragedies.

In an email, addressed to some Jammu-based community leaders, historians and researchers and  also shared with Kashmir Rechords, Dr. Sazawal posed a fundamental question: “Where do we go from here?”

 “Year after year, we mark our exodus with speeches and declarations, but no one outside our community takes notice,” Sazawal observed. Referring to this year’s September 14 remembrance, he pointed out that while victims of terrorism in other region (Baisaran) were acknowledged by the public and the government, the plight of Kashmiri Pandits went unmentioned.

This, he suggested, raises an uncomfortable dilemma: “Are we merely comforting ourselves, or are we leaving behind a meaningful legacy?”

A Larger Historical Framework

Dr. Sazawal urged the community to expand its historical lens. Instead of limiting remembrance to the events of 1989–90, he proposed situating the Kashmiri Pandit story within a centuries-long timeline of persecution, beginning in 1339.

“Rather than focusing solely on one exodus, our theme should be that our ethnic cleansing began in the 14th century and continues till today,” he wrote. Such a reframing, he emphasized, would demand rigorous historical research, creative storytelling, and modern communication strategies to engage wider audiences.

Towards a Durable Legacy

Dr. Sazawal warned that as time passes, memories of the 1989–90 exodus will inevitably fade. Without a sustainable model of remembrance, future generations may be left wondering why their elders repeated rituals year after year without meaningful change.

His challenge is clear: move beyond ritualized commemoration and build a durable narrative that transforms memory into legacy.

📝 Editor’s Note:
In this exclusive appeal, Dr. Vijay K. Sazawal calls upon the Pandit community to move beyond ritualized remembrances. His thought-provoking message challenges us to ask: will memory alone suffice, or must we shape a legacy that endures across generations? Those who wish to respond to his e-mail may forward their valuable suggestions/inputs on kashmirrechords@gmail.com or support@kashmir-rechords.com or contact him directly on  sazawal@gmail.com, as some have reportedly already responded to him.

Following is the full text of Dr. Vijay Sazawal’s e-mail:

“Namaskar, my dear friends in Jammu.

I will try to be brief as I need your wisdom and guidance here. We are all politically mature to understand the Indian polity. Year after year, we go through the same routine of marking the last exodus from Kashmir with remembrances big and small. We follow the same routine, make the same declarations and speeches and enlighten our own community of what has happened in those fateful years marking 1989-1990 and later.

 But (14th September) event came and went by without anyone outside of our community making a single comment on it. Particularly painful was the fact that many in the public and the government remembered those Hindus who were killed by terrorists in Baisaran, but no one mentioned the tragedy of native Hindus who also died on the same land in large numbers. As a community, we repeat such remembrances a number of times a year – year after year – with similar apathy and  indifference from the public and the government.

 Many questions arise from this dichotomy – should we continue with our existing approach by considering it as “business as usual”, and highlight such key events as matters of conscience besides serving as a therapeutic relief for collective frustrations and anger within the community, or should we look at the situation and reflect on experiences to date and try to redo the approach in marking remembrances of such watershed moments three decades back?

  So the options are either do nothing (continue with the “business as usual” approach), or do something different. There is an added reason to reflect on how to define the future course of action. As 1989-1990 recedes with passing years, remembrances highlighting political personalities and even specific events decades old will slowly drown in the vastness of the past. So, we need to have a better model that can withstand the test of time once all of us push off into the next phase of our spiritual journey. One can argue however that does it matter if I am not around?  But I say we need to leave a template for the generations to follow.

  I will make a suggestion. And I am doing it mostly to evoke a response because our collective tragedy is that we are unable to develop a coherent strategy because everyone keeps quiet and does not feel the need for a free style open discussion, which my friends is the only way to develop unity and an unified approach. So I may be expecting too much but I request you to please prove me wrong.

 Way back in 1999, I had predicted that for a number of reasons KP’s will never return to the valley in large numbers. (I can forward anyone a pdf link to my article published in the “Koshur Samachar,” if interested). Today, I am making a suggestion. If the community wishes to make an impact on the public in India, pull back from remembering partisan events and counter narratives, and instead focus on the big picture, which is that our ethnic cleansing began in 1339 and continues till today. That should be the common theme in every event we honor without dwelling too much on the events of a single exodus, but of every exodus since the 14th Century. Such a campaign will need inputs from historians and graphic details collected from painstaking research, and new communication modules for delivery of key messages, involving graphics, photos, media, punchlines, and details.

  I leave my suggestion on the table. I hope it motivates all of you to contribute to this dialogue. Please, we are all getting old – let us leave a legacy so that future generations don’t wonder why the old-timers kept the same routine year after year without a minutest change in their approach.

  Thank you for your time

  Vijay’’

Kashmir’s Katyayani Temple: Where Faith Rises from the Ashes

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Kashmir’s Katyayani Temple: Where Faith Rises from the Ashes
(Kashmir Rechords Exclusive)

In the quiet village of Kakran in Kulgam district of Kashmir, surrounded by fields and orchards, stands the ancient Katyayani Temple. For centuries, Kashmiri Hindus have come here to bow before Mata Katyayani, the fierce form of Goddess Durga who destroyed the demon Mahishasura. Yet, the temple itself has lived a life of battles—reduced to rubble, rebuilt with devotion, abandoned in silence and revived once more.

Circa: February 1977–Appeal to Devotees

A Cry for Help in the 1970s

The shrine’s troubles began long before the turmoil of the 1990s. In the early 1970s, the Katyayani Temple was vandalised, forcing the Mandir Committee Kakran, then based in Jammu, to appeal for help. In February 1977, the committee published a heartfelt appeal in newspapers, urging devotees to contribute for its reconstruction. Kashmir Rechords is reproducing this archival appeal, published in February 1977.

The appeal, published on behalf of Capt. Narain Singh (Retd), Chairman of the Mandir Committee, Nail Basti Jammu Cantt nd Secretary, admitted with honesty that funds were the biggest obstacle. Yet, the committee carried hope: to rebuild the temple, give it a new shape, and provide modern facilities for pilgrims who came to seek the goddess’s blessings.

Under-construction: Kakran Temple, Post 1990

Rebuilt, Only to Fall Again

The temple rose again, rebuilt through devotion and determination. But fate had more trials in store. In 1992, after the demolition of the Babri Masjid, the Katyayani Temple of Kakran, Kulgam, Kashmir was once more vandalised reportedly by local villagers. What had been painstakingly revived now lay abandoned, its sanctity wounded yet again. For years, it stood in silence—a broken shrine, but never a forgotten one.

Devotees at renovated Kakran Temple, Kulgam, Kashmir.

Devotion in Exile

Even as Kashmiri Pandits were forced into exile after the 1990 migration, their faith remained unbroken. Every year on ‘Haar Ashtami’, devotees would gather at the temple to perform the annual mahayagya, reaffirming their bond with Mata Katyayani, a form of goddess Durga. For them, the goddess was more than a deity—she was the strength that kept their heritage alive.

Finally, in 2012, the Kashmiri Pandit community took it upon themselves to restore the temple once again— without any support from the government. Alongside the shrine, a Dharamshala named Lalded Bhawan was built within the complex, giving pilgrims a place to stay and gather. Since then, annual congregations have brought life back to the courtyard, filling the air with chants and devotion.

The Enduring Spirit of Katyayani

Mata Katyayani, worshipped on the sixth day of Navratri, is celebrated as the goddess of courage and victory over evil. Her temple in Kakran, Kulgam, Kashmir despite repeated destruction, stands today as a mirror of her own spirit—unyielding, fierce, and protective.

The saga of the Katyayani Temple is not just about bricks and stone. It is the story of a people who refused to let their faith die, who rebuilt their goddess’s abode every time it was torn down. It is a reminder that while temples can be broken, faith always rises from the ashes.

The Unseen Martyrs: A Kashmiri Pandit Legacy of Loss and Resilience

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The Unseen Martyrs: A Kashmiri Pandit Legacy of Loss and Resilience
(Kashmir Rechords Exclusive)

Remembering September 14

Every September 14, Kashmiri Pandits bow their heads in silence, observing Martyrdom Day—a day heavy with grief and memory. It marks the assassination of Pt. Tika Lal Taploo, a towering community leader whose life was cut short on September 14, 1989. His killing was not just the silencing of a voice; it was the ominous prelude to the mass exodus that would follow on January 19, 1990. For Pandits, Taploo’s martyrdom symbolized the violent unraveling of their very existence in the land of their ancestors. Soon after, Judge Nilkanth Ganjoo, Lassa Kaul, Sarla Bhat and countless others joined the ranks of martyrs, their lives extinguished by the same tide of terror.

But the story of Kashmiri Pandit martyrdom does not end with these names alone. It extends to thousands of ordinary men, women and children—martyrs in their own right—who lost their lives in exile, denied even the sacred dignity of their final rites in Kashmir’s soil. Whether killed by bullets in their homeland or by sunstroke, snakebite and disease in the punishing heat of refugee camps, each one carried the same burden: a forced uprooting from home, history and heritage.

A Dispersed Grief

In the early days of migration, there was no central place for Pandits to gather, mourn, or carry out rituals. WhatsApp and digital networks did not exist. News of a death—whether by militant violence or the cruel hand of exile—spread through small columns in local newspapers. The community, disoriented and scattered, had nowhere to cry together, nowhere to console each other.

Out of this void emerged Rajinder Park on Canal Road in Jammu. What began as a makeshift refuge soon became a solemn sanctuary. Here, under the open sky, Pandits performed the last rites of their loved ones. It was at Rajinder Park that the Tenth-Day Kriya, once performed at Kashmir’s sacred river ghats, was now carried out in exile. Ashes that should have mingled with the waters of the Vitasta (Jhelum) were instead consigned to distant flames, leaving behind a haunting emptiness.

For the older generation, Rajinder Park remains etched into memory as a witness to collective sorrow. For the younger, it is a fading landmark—an unfamiliar place whose soil carries the invisible tears of their parents and grandparents. Yet, it endures as a symbol of survival: a reminder that even in displacement, traditions found a way to breathe.

A Legacy of Waiting

More than three decades later, Kashmiri Pandits continue to live with an unhealed wound. Every death in exile feels like a second exile—a departure from this world without the comfort of returning to ancestral land. The yearning to go back remains alive, yet no concrete of permanent  roadmap of return has materialized. Those who orchestrated the tragedy still walk free, cases are endlessly “reopened,” and assurances of justice echo hollow.

And so, every September 14, when candles are lit for Tika Lal Taploo and all the martyrs, the flame is more than remembrance—it is resistance. It is a vow that the story of the unseen martyrs, denied even their last embrace with Kashmir’s soil, will not fade into silence.

Because their legacy is not only one of loss—it is one of resilience. A resilience that continues to define Kashmiri Pandits, even as every prayer ends with the same hope: To return, and to rest, in the homeland that still beats in their hearts.

Kashmir Darpan: The Forgotten Magazine That Kept Kashmiri Pandits Connected Across British India

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Kashmir Darpan: The Forgotten Magazine That Kept Kashmiri Pandits Connected Across British India
(Kashmir Rechords Exclusive)

Very few know that more than a century ago, in the bustling city of Allahabad, a remarkable cultural experiment was taking shape. In 1902, from the presses of Nami Grami Indian Press at Dara Ganj, a bilingual monthly magazine called Kashmir Darpan was born. This 50-page publication, printed in both Urdu and Hindi, became a lifeline for Kashmiri Pandits scattered across British India. At a time when communication was slow and long-distance travel rare, Kashmir Darpan bridged distances and brought together a community yearning to remain connected with its roots.

Far from being a mere magazine, Kashmir Darpan became a chronicle of Kashmiri, and provided space for those interested in literature to share their prose and poetry. Each issue served as a community diary, announcing births, marriages, deaths, student achievements, job postings and transfers. To ensure inclusivity, ten pages of every edition were dedicated exclusively to Hindi-knowing members of the community. For many, it felt as if every edition was a letter from home — a packet of news from Lahore to Dhaka, from Srinagar to Jodhpur — uniting far-flung families in spirit.

Access to editions from 1903 to 1906  by Kashmir Rechords reveals just how far-reaching its impact was. The magazine connected Kashmiri Pandits living in Calcutta, Dhaka, Jodhpur, Hoshiarpur, Lucknow, Varanasi, Jalandhar, Lahore, Sialkot, Amritsar, Srinagar and Jammu. For a community that had migrated in search of education, work and opportunity, Kashmir Darpan became a cultural anchor, a reminder of shared heritage, and a tool for identity preservation.

The driving force behind this publication was Pandit Tej Bahadur Sapru, one of India’s most respected lawyers and public figures, ably supported by Manohar Lal Zutshi who managed the operations. Sapru invited some of the finest minds of the time to contribute to the magazine, including scholars, poets and writers like Brij Narayan Chakbast, Kripa Shanker Koul, Dharam Narayan Raina, Iqbal Narayan Gurtu, Syed Abdul Majid, Krishan Prasad Kaul, Prasaduman Krishan Kitchloo, Kanhaya Lal Shangloo ‘Mubarak’, and Sheikh Abdul Qadir. Together, they transformed the magazine into a mirror of Kashmiri intellectual and cultural thought — living up to its name, Darpan, meaning “mirror.”

The magazine’s pages also reveal a progressive agenda. It championed the cause of women’s education among Kashmiris and reported the establishment of a girls’ school exclusively for Kashmiri students. Sapru through his editorials and write-ups  frequently encouraged the community to take up business ventures instead of relying solely on government jobs. The publication highlighted successful entrepreneurs such as Pt Dharam Narayan Raina, Razdan Brothers of Amritsar, Saheb Brothers of Dhaka, Jeevan Nath Ganjoo who owned the Swadeshi Stationery Shop, and Ghulam Hussain & Brothers of Karachi. One particularly inspiring story celebrated Pandit Rameshwar Nath Kathju, a mechanical engineer, who was encouraged to set up the Indo-European Trading Company at Brij Mandir in Rawalpindi — a venture that became renowned for medicines, metal boxes, and heavy-duty locks.

What made Kashmir Darpan truly special was the way it was sustained — not by corporate advertisements, but through annual subscriptions and voluntary contributions from members of the community spread across British India. Readers and patrons such as Nand Lal Tickoo of Karnal, Shyam Lal Chaku of Lucknow, Prithvi Nath Razdan of Jodhpur and Shambu Nath Hakhu of Ajmer kept the presses running. Its circulation was wide enough for copies to be available in leading libraries and educational institutions across the United Provinces, a testament to its popularity and reach.

The magazine also played a humanitarian role when devastating floods struck Kashmir in 1905. Sapru used its pages to make repeated appeals for relief contributions and published regular updates in each issue. The funds collected were later handed over to the Governor of Kashmir, proving how a community-driven publication could turn into a lifeline for those in distress.

Pandit Tej Bahadur Sapru is today remembered as one of the greatest lawyers and constitutional experts of India, a freedom fighter, and a member of the Viceroy’s Council. Yet his work through Kashmir Darpan reveals another side of him — that of a man deeply committed to his roots. Born in Aligarh on 8 December 1875 to Ambika Prasad Sapru and Gaura Sapru (née Hakhu), Sapru belonged to a distinguished Kashmiri Pandit family. His career was illustrious: he worked as a lawyer at Allahabad High Court, where Purushottam Das Tandon served as his junior, later became Dean at Banaras Hindu University, and served in the Legislative Council of the United Provinces, the Imperial Legislative Council, and as Law Member in the Viceroy’s Council. But his efforts through Kashmir Darpan — encouraging education, entrepreneurship and social reform — were equally significant.

Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru passed away on 20 January 1949 in Allahabad, seventeen months after India gained independence. His legacy, preserved through the surviving editions of Kashmir Darpan, some preserved by Kashmir Rechords, remains a cornerstone in the cultural history of the Kashmiri Pandit community. For today’s Kashmiri Pandits, dispersed across the globe after the 1990 exodus, this century-old magazine stands as a reminder that community-driven media has always been a powerful tool to preserve identity, nurture cultural memory and strengthen bonds that transcend geography.

Justice for Sarla Bhat and Many Others Who Never got it

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Justice for Sarla Bhat and Many Others Who Never got it
The Unfinished stories of other Kashmiri Pandits who refused to leave Kashmir in 1990!
(Kashmir Rechords Exclusive)

It has taken more than three decades, but a flicker of hope has returned to a family that has lived with grief, questions and silence. The Jammu and Kashmir Police’s State Investigation Agency (SIA) recently carried out raids at eight locations in Srinagar, probing the brutal killing of 27-year-old nurse Sarla Bhat in April 1990.Officials call these “strategic searches,” and say incriminating evidence has been found — the kind that could finally unravel the terrorist conspiracy that ended Sarla’s young life. For her family, the hope is simpler: justice, however delayed.

The SIA has now taken over the decades-old FIR No. 56/1990 from Police Station Nigeen. For those who have followed the long and painful journey of the Kashmiri Pandit exodus, this case is not just about one life lost — it is about hundreds of such stories swallowed by the chaos of 1990.

Sarla Bhat, like other Kashmiri Pandits, was no politician, no security official. She was a nurse at SKIMS Soura, Srinagar tending to patients in an already tense Kashmir. But in those early months of 1990, being a Kashmiri Pandit was enough to mark you as a “target.” On April 18, 1990, she was kidnapped from the Habba Khatoon Hostel of SKIMS. The next morning, her bullet-ridden body, according to a newspaper cutting dateline April 19, 1990, preserved by Kashmir Rechords, was found at Umar Colony, Lal Bazar. In her pocket lay a chilling note — the outlawed Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF) claiming responsibility.

Yet Sarla’s killing was only one in a relentless chain of murders that spring.

March to May 1990 — A Roll Call of the Lost

On March 22, 1990, Dr. Pushkar Nath, an officer in the J&K Agriculture Department, was gunned down in Bijbehara. The very next day, B.L. Karihaloo, who worked at a sweet shop, was shot dead in Bagat Kanipora. On March 26, 1990 Ashok Kumar of Safa Kadal met the same fate.

After Sarla’s death, the violence only escalated. On April 23, 1990 Sunil Kumar Kotru was killed in Rainawari, and police constable Dalip Singh’s body was recovered from Shopian. April 26, 1990 became a day of mass mourning, as six people — Ravinder Kumar, Bansi Lal Saproo, Mohd Ramzan, Ghulam Mohammad, Abdul Rehman, and Ghulam Rasool — were murdered across the Valley. By April 30, Moti Lal Pandita of Kupwara had joined the list of the dead.

May month brought even more loss. On May 3, 1990 a Padma Shri-awarded Gujjar leader was shot dead in Bara Kasi, Tangmarg, followed by the killing of Police Inspector Chuni Lal Shalla in Langet, Sopore. On May 6, 1990 the bodies of Professor K.L. Ganjoo, his wife, and a young girl named Dolly were discovered. The violence peaked on May 11 with the assassination of former NC legislator Sheikh Manzoor.

Some of these names appeared in the press, others barely made a ripple — yet each was a life cut short, each a family left without answers.

Why It Matters Now

For over three decades, these cases remained frozen in time, the files gathering dust while the survivors learned to live with silence. The reopening of Sarla Bhat’s case could — and should — be the start of revisiting all these unsolved murders, not just for the sake of legal closure, but for the dignity of those who can no longer speak for themselves.

Justice for Sarla Bhat would mean acknowledging the reality of that dark season: that ordinary Kashmiris, Pandit and Muslim alike, were killed in cold blood, and that their stories deserve more than a footnote in the history of 1990.

The SIA’s work might yet lead to convictions. But even before the courts deliver their verdict, there is a verdict we, as a society, must reach — that no matter how much time has passed, the lives taken in those months will not be forgotten.

The Sikh Governor Who Revived Kashmir’s Fortunes

Kashmir Rechords
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The Sikh Governor Who Revived Kashmir’s Fortunes
(Kashmir Rechords Exclusive)

During the brief but eventful Sikh rule over Kashmir, the Valley saw ten governors appointed by the Lahore Darbar. Among them, one name still stands tall in the memory of the land — Colonel Mihan Singh (also recorded as Mehan Singh), widely regarded as the finest of them all. Serving from 1834 to 1841, his tenure was marked by integrity, efficiency and an uncommon empathy for the people.

When Col. Mihan Singh took charge in April 1834, Kashmir was in a dismal state — the economy lay in ruins, poverty and hunger were rampant, and trade had withered away. Yet, in just a few years, he steered the region towards recovery, leaving behind a legacy rare in the annals of governance.

A Team for the People

Mihan Singh was not alone in his mission. He surrounded himself with capable aides — Pandit Ganesh Dhar, a Kashmiri Pandit expert in revenue and administration, and Mohammad Afzal Qazi, a Punjabi Muslim officer. Together, they formed a formidable team that worked tirelessly to rebuild Kashmir’s industrial and agricultural base.

On the advice of Dhar and Qazi, the Governor abolished duties on essential commodities like grain, ensuring affordable food for the masses.

He imported grain and poultry from Punjab to combat shortages, and punished black-marketers without mercy. The Sikh Governor also reduced trade tariffs and offered loans to shawl factory owners, reviving the famed Kashmiri shawl industry. Besides opening trade routes to Ladakh, Punjab, British India, Afghanistan and Central Asia, the Governor’s administration built inns for traders and travellers, promoting commerce and cultural exchange.

Kashmir Rechords is proud to reproduce this account, originally penned by noted Kashmiri writer Jawaharkaul Ganhar and published in Kashmir Times on December 11, 1988 — a tribute to one of the rare administrators in Kashmir’s history who is remembered not for oppression, but for compassion and progress.

For the first time since Afghan rule, Kashmir had become self-sufficient in food. Peace had returned to the Valley after decades of turmoil. Mihan Singh used to personally inspect markets, enforcing proper weights and measures and cracked down on adulteration. Farmers and horticulturists received incentives, while the government treasury was replenished.

Cultural and Civic Contributions

Mihan Singh’s governance extended beyond economics. He planted fine Chinar trees in a newly laid Basant Bagh (1835), established the Mandir Bagh and commissioned the compilation of the historical record ‘Tarikh-i-Kashmir’. In 1836, he even minted coins — a symbol of restored confidence in the State’s economy.

Respected by Historians

Sir Walter R. Lawrence, in his classic The Valley of Kashmir (1895), called him “the best of all the Sikh Governors” and praised his fairness, quick justice and effective reforms. Pearce Gervis, in This is Kashmir (1954), described him as “an enlightened ruler… remembered for the relief he gave to the Valley.”

A Tragic End!

Despite his achievements, Col. Mihan Singh’s life ended in betrayal. On the night of 17 April 1841, he was murdered in cold blood at his Srinagar residence in a conspiracy by mutinous soldiers. His trusted aide, Pandit Ganesh Dhar, met the same fate within a fortnight.

Today, about ten kilometers from Gujranwala stands Qila Mian Singh, a village believed to have been founded by the Colonel himself — a reminder of a man who left an imprint far beyond the Valley he once governed.

References for further reading:

https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG150956

https://www.sikhnet.com/news/evaluation-sikh-rule-kashmir

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qila_Mihan_Singh

https://malicethoughts.blogspot.com/2021/07/kumedan-mihan-singh-sikh-governor-of.html?fbclid=IwAR2ymfECX25x8vdm0xF52U_4gJOIIGCr5ynCcorNLfwY8z4ee9C7K-_FuT0

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