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A Kashmiri Pioneer in Library Science

Kashmir Rechords
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A Kashmiri Pioneer in Library Science
(By:K R Ishan)

Padamshri Prof. Prithvi Nath Kaula, a towering figure in the field of Library and Information Science, was born on March 13, 1924, in Haba Kadal, Srinagar, Kashmir. His journey from the tranquil valleys of Kashmir to becoming a world-renowned scholar in library science is a remarkable story of perseverance, dedication, and the pursuit of knowledge. He is celebrated not only for his contributions to library science but also as one of the most prominent intellectuals to have emerged from the culturally rich and historically significant region of Kashmir.

Early Life and Education in Kashmir

Prof. Kaula’s roots in Kashmir were deep and integral to his development as an academic and professional. Born into a humble Kashmiri Pandit family, he grew up in a region known for its rich intellectual and cultural traditions. Kashmir, once a thriving center of learning, had a long history of scholars, poets, and philosophers, and Prof. Kaula was a product of this heritage.

As a child in Srinagar, he was exposed to the region’s rich literary traditions, which sparked his interest in knowledge and learning. Kashmir Valley was home to many great thinkers and institutions, including its many libraries that served as centers of intellectual exchange. Though it was a difficult time for the region during the era of his youth, with political upheaval and the partition of India in 1947, Prof. Kaula’s ambition to pursue knowledge transcended these challenges.

He received his early education in Srinagar, where his academic talents were evident. His thirst for knowledge led him to pursue higher education at Punjab University (then in Lahore), Banaras Hindu University (BHU), and Delhi University. It was during these formative years that his interest in library science was sparked, and he soon found his calling in the world of libraries and information management.

Transition from Kashmir to National Recognition

In 1945, with a deep desire to improve his professional skills, Prof. Kaula left Kashmir and moved to Madras (now Chennai) to study Library Science. The decision to leave his home and pursue a degree in a specialized field was not easy, but it was a necessary step toward his aspirations. After completing his studies, he returned to Srinagar and took up the position of librarian at DAV College in 1946, marking the beginning of his long and distinguished career in library science.

Padamshri P .N Kaula at a function.

However, as the political situation in India changed dramatically with the partition in 1947, Prof. Kaula’s link to Kashmir became temporarily severed. Amidst the turmoil and violence that followed partition, the traditional connection between Kashmir and the rest of India was disrupted and travel between regions became difficult. Despite the challenges, Prof. Kaula’s resolve never faltered. He managed to move to Pilani, where he took up a higher-paying position as the librarian at the Birla Institute of Technology and Science, before continuing his career at other prominent institutions.

Kashmir’s Influence on His Career

Although Prof. Kaula’s career took him far from his homeland, his Kashmiri roots remained a strong influence throughout his life. Kashmir, historically known for its great scholars, had shaped his intellectual foundation. The region’s legacy of learning, culture and spirituality had a lasting impact on his outlook and work, inspiring him to dedicate his life to the pursuit and dissemination of knowledge.

His commitment to the intellectual development of his native land was evident in his later work. In 1951, Prof. Kaula was offered the post of Inspector of Libraries by the government of Jammu and Kashmir, a position that had never existed before in the state. This role allowed him to influence library development across the region, ensuring that the rich traditions of learning in Kashmir were preserved and enhanced. He also contributed to the establishment of libraries and academic resources in Kashmir, understanding the vital role they play in shaping young minds and fostering an educated society.

The Kashmir Scholar on the Global Stage

Prof. Kaula’s work and reputation extended far beyond Kashmir. He went on to become the first person in the world to earn a Master’s degree in Library Science from Delhi University in 1949. He later held influential positions at Delhi University, Banaras Hindu University (BHU), and other academic institutions, leaving an indelible mark on the field of library science. His contributions to the development of library science were recognized internationally, and he became a UNESCO expert, traveling the world to share his knowledge.

Despite his success on the global stage, Prof. Kaula always remained connected to his Kashmiri heritage. His deep respect for his culture and roots was reflected in his academic endeavors, as he worked to integrate his regional identity into the broader professional landscape of library science. His work as an editor for the Kashmiri Pandit’s journal, Sharada, and his efforts to catalog works related to Kashmiri scholars and thinkers, further cemented his ties to the region.

A Legacy in Kashmir

Prof. Kaula’s legacy in Kashmir is not only academic but also cultural. As a visionary, he made significant strides in modernizing the region’s library system and his contributions continue to influence the educational and intellectual environment of Kashmir. His pioneering work in library science, particularly in cataloging and reclassifying thousands of books, set a global benchmark for excellence in the field.

P.N Kaula’s Book on Library and Information Sciences in India.

His work as an educator and mentor, shaping future generations of library scientists, is one of his most lasting contributions. In addition, his establishment of the Ranganathan Endowment in Library Science in 1952, named after his mentor Dr. S.R. Ranganathan, is a testament to his commitment to education and intellectual growth.

Kashgari: The `Mute Inglorious Milton’ of Kashmir

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Kashgari: The `Mute Inglorious Milton’ of Kashmir

Today, Kashgari’s name and contributions are little more than whispers in Kashmir’s rich cultural history. While his contemporaries are celebrated as cultural icons, Kashgari’s story remains an enigmatic fragment. The irony lies in the fact that, even as his verse once educated and inspired, the poet himself has faded into obscurity, his life and work buried under the passage of time.

By: Dr. Rajesh Bhat

Amid the poetic luminaries of pre-independence, the name of Mirza Ghulam Mohammed Beg `Kashgari’ from Utrasoo, Anantnag, Kashmir lingers like a faint echo—a “mute inglorious Milton” of his time. Borrowing Thomas Gray’s phrase, Kashgari’s story embodies the poignant reality of a genius uncelebrated and largely forgotten thereafter. His verses, rich in creativity and practical wisdom, reflect a life devoted to art and service, yet his contributions have faded into obscurity.

A Poet of Quiet Brilliance

While his contemporaries like Mehjoor, Zinda Kaul, Abdul Ahad Zargar and Dina Nath Nadim achieved lasting fame, Kashgari’s extraordinary talent went unacknowledged by history. Yet, his poetic works carried a unique blend of literary finesse and functional purpose. His most notable creation, Rehnumai Kiram Kashi, written in 1943 for the Sericulture Department, stands as a testament to his exceptional abilities.

This poetic guide, crafted to educate farmers on silkworm rearing, exemplifies how Kashgari transformed mundane agricultural instructions into lyrical verses that were easy to remember and recite. It was poetry with a purpose—designed to weave art into everyday life, much like the silken threads he wrote about.

The Irony of Recognition

Kashgari’s skill did not go unnoticed during his time. The Chief Director of Sericulture, J&K Government, struck by the uniqueness of his talent and terming him “Mute Inglorious Milton” of Kashmir, awarded him ₹500—then a substantial sum—and advocated for his work’s inclusion in primary education. Yet, despite these accolades, Kashgari remained an ephemeral figure in Kashmir’s literary and cultural history. Unlike his contemporaries, whose fame continues to shine, Kashgari’s contributions were undervalued and ultimately overlooked.

This neglect is deeply ironic. Kashgari had not only mastered the art of verse but also demonstrated an innovative approach to using poetry for social and economic development—a rare achievement. Despite these merits, he was relegated to anonymity, his brilliance buried like a hidden gem, much as Gray lamented of the rural poets in his Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard.

The Forgotten Legacy

What makes Kashgari’s story particularly tragic is the lack of effort to preserve his work. Beyond Rehnumai Kiram Kashi, little is known about his life or his other writings, if they exist. The honorarium he received came with the condition of copyright transfer, a legal formality that perhaps symbolized the undervaluation of his legacy. Unlike the silken threads that endure as a symbol of Kashmir’s heritage, Kashgari’s literary threads have all but disappeared.

A Call to Remember

Mirza Ghulam Mohammed Beg Kashgari’s life invites reflection on the fleeting nature of fame and the uneven ways history remembers its heroes. Kashmir Rechords urges its readers to join in the effort to revive Kashgari’s legacy. If any of his works, memories or records survive, their recovery could serve as a tribute to this unsung genius—a poet who spoke in silken verses but whose voice remains unheard in the chronicles of Kashmir’s cultural history.

Let us ensure that Kashgari’s silken words do not vanish into the oblivion of time.

Kashmiri Pandits’ Unique Directory of 1936

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Kashmiri Pandits’ Unique Directory of 1936

The directory meticulously details the presence of Kashmiri Pandits across 118 cities and towns, stretching from British India to regions in Pakistan, Bangladesh and even Rangoon. The content is a treasure trove of information: addresses, occupations, marital statuses, gotras, ages, sibling details and even rare photographs of notable individuals, groups and temples.

(Kashmir Rechords Exclusive)

In a remarkable initiative spanning over a decade, the Kashmiri Pandit Association of New Delhi, in collaboration with KP Shimla Association, undertook a monumental project between 1925 and 1935. Their mission was to compile a comprehensive directory of Kashmiri Pandits scattered far beyond their ancestral homeland. This labour of love culminated in the publication of the Directory of Kashmiri Pandits in 1936 by Idrees Burqi Press, Delhi.

Far more than a registry, this directory stands as an invaluable historical document, offering profound insights into the lives, struggles, and unyielding spirit of a community that endured centuries of forced migration from the Kashmir Valley.

A Testament to Migration and Survival

The directory meticulously details the presence of Kashmiri Pandits across 118 cities and towns, stretching from British India to regions in Pakistan, Bangladesh and even Rangoon. It traces their migrations, beginning as early as the 17th century, driven by the dual forces of religious persecution and political instability.

One of the Index Pages

This narrative of displacement reveals the resilience of a community that, despite overwhelming odds, preserved its cultural and religious identity. The directory not only documents individual families but also chronicles the collective story of a diaspora determined to maintain its heritage and values.

Stories of Pain and Perseverance

The directory poignantly recounts the hardships faced by Kashmiri Pandits who were forced to flee their beloved homeland under oppressive regimes. Religious fanaticism during certain periods left the community with two stark choices: abandon their faith or escape to unfamiliar territories.

One grim chapter highlights a time when only 11 Pandit households remained in the valley, steadfast in their faith. Historian Pandit Anand Koul narrowed this figure further to just two families, an anecdote solemnly preserved in this directory.

Amid such adversity, the Pandits in exile clung to their education, dignity, and cultural preservation. They formed tight-knit networks to remain connected despite being dispersed across the subcontinent. As the foreword of the directory aptly notes:

“The remaining families, unable to endure the relentless pressure and persecution, migrated to mainland India, where the community’s unwavering commitment to education and intellectual pursuit played a vital role in their survival.”

A Cultural Treasure

Written in Urdu, the directory reflects the linguistic and cultural nuances of its time. Instead of page numbers, it uses script alphabets—“Alif,” “Bey,” “Jeem,” and so on—to mark its pages.

The content is a treasure trove of information: addresses, occupations, marital statuses, gotras, ages, sibling details, and even rare photographs of notable individuals, groups and temples. A particularly notable page, “Bey,” documents successive waves of migration and highlights the values that empowered the community to endure.

Preserving the Legacy

Recognizing the unparalleled significance of this 300-page historical artifact, the Kashmir Rechords Foundation intends  to translate it into English. This endeavour aims to make the directory’s rich content accessible to a global audience. To support this ambitious effort, the Foundation invites individuals and organizations to contribute. Interested parties can reach out via: kashmirrechords@gmail.com or support@kashmir-rechords.com.

In the meantime, Kashmir Rechords  will periodically share excerpts through blogs, offering glimpses into the lives of Kashmiri Pandits in distant lands. Upcoming features include the story of the sole Kashmiri Pandit family in Burma and another in Hathras, Uttar Pradesh, in 1933.

A Story Worth Sharing

  • This directory is more than a historical record—it is a testament to the resilience, unity, and cultural richness of the Kashmiri Pandit community. It echoes their enduring values of education, peaceful coexistence and progress, even in the face of relentless challenges.
  • Through Kashmir Rechords, these stories of survival and triumph will continue to inspire future generations, ensuring that the legacy of the Kashmiri Pandit community remains alive and celebrated.
  • Stay connected with Kashmir Rechords for more authentic and deeply researched narratives of Kashmir’s heritage. For one of the previous write-ups based on this Directory, click here: https://kashmir-rechords.com/sun-temple-fire-temple-kashmiri-pandit-temple-in-pakistans-gujrat/#google_vignette

Prem Nath Kaul: The Unsung Hero of India’s Frontiers

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Prem Nath Kaul: The Unsung Hero of India’s Frontiers
(Kashmir Re’Chords Exclusive)

Born in 1916 in Baramulla, Kashmir, Prem Nath Kaul’s life has been a saga of remarkable service that spanned military, administrative and diplomatic domains. Hailing from the frontiers, he dedicated his life to safeguarding refugees and uplifting these regions, unmindful of the irony that his own Kashmiri Pandit community would later lead a refugee life in the plains of India and elsewhere!

Prem Nath Kaul was born to Gunwanti and Tota Kaul, a Head Clerk in the Public Works Department (PWD) who later became a successful contractor in Sitapur, the then United Provinces. Influenced by his elder brother Radhey Nath Kaul, a revolutionary, Prem Nath imbibed a strong sense of nationalism from an early age. His story, chronicled in his memoir Frontier Callings, (1976), a copy of which is in possession of Kashmir Rechords, provides a rare and inspiring glimpse into India’s formative years. Recognized as an Unsung Hero during the Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav, his contributions exemplify a legacy of steadfast dedication to India’s sovereignty and progress.

Gunwanti and Tota Kaul

Three Generations–P.N Kaul with his father and Son.

The Beginnings of a Remarkable Career

Prem Nath Kaul’s career, as per his memoir, began with a law degree from Srinagar, followed by his commissioning into the British Indian Army in 1941. His first posting was with the 15th Battalion of the Rajput Regiment in Quetta. With his legal acumen, he was soon assigned as Judge Advocate at the Western Command headquarters in 1946.

During the Pakistan-led tribal invasion of Jammu and Kashmir in 1947, Kaul returned to his homeland as an acting lieutenant colonel. Tasked with raising militia battalions, he displayed exceptional leadership by recruiting and training locals to defend the region. When Pakistani forces advanced towards Ladakh, Kaul relocated to Leh, where he organized and led the Nubra Guards, a paramilitary force later integrated as the 7th Battalion of the J&K Militia.

Administrator in Remote Frontiers

In 1953, Kaul transitioned to the newly created Indian Frontier Administration Service (IFAS), aimed at governing the rugged terrain of the North-East Frontier Agency (NEFA). As a Political Officer in Bomdila and Siang divisions, he not only administered these remote regions but also exercised judicial powers in the absence of formal judicial structures. His tenure reflected a deep commitment to integrating these challenging territories into the Indian mainstream.

P.N Kaul with Bhutanese Officials, 1963

Diplomatic Missions in Tibet, Nepal, Bhutan

Kaul’s diplomatic journey began in 1959 when he was appointed India’s Consul-General in Lahasa, Tibet, during the tumultuous period of Chinese occupation. He witnessed firsthand the oppressive conditions and the mass exodus of Tibetans, including the Dalai Lama. Among his notable contributions was his assistance to a small community of Tibetan Muslims with Kashmiri ancestry. Through his efforts, many were granted Indian citizenship and resettled in Srinagar.

In 1961, as Deputy Secretary in the Ministry of External Affairs, Kaul oversaw Tibetan refugee rehabilitation. His expertise in development projects was further demonstrated during his tenure as Director of the Indian Cooperation Mission in Nepal (1972–1976), where he facilitated transformative initiatives like the Trishuli Hydel Project, cementing ties between India and Nepal.

A Leader in Strategic Intelligence

Kaul’s service extended to covert operations when he took charge of the Special Service Bureau (SSB) as its Director from 1968 to 1972. Under his leadership, the SSB played a pivotal role in the Bangladesh Liberation War, including training Mukti Bahini fighters and operating covert radio channels.

A Legacy Celebrated

Prem Nath Kaul’s life is a testament to unyielding dedication to the nation. From defending the frontiers to shaping India’s diplomatic and developmental efforts, his work often went unnoticed. It was during the Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav—celebrating 75 years of India’s independence—that the immense contributions of this Unsung Hero were rightfully acknowledged.

Family and Legacy

Kaul’s personal life was equally inspiring. His wife, Gaurishwari Kaul, stood by his side through his extraordinary journey. Among his siblings, Radhey Nath Kaul was a revolutionary, Triloki Nath Kaul served as India’s Foreign Secretary and Ambassador to the USA, and Hriday Nath Kaul rose to the rank of lieutenant general in the Indian Army, serving as Deputy Chief of Army Staff.

Prem Nath Kaul’s multifaceted service deserves a prominent place in India’s history. His work across frontiers, both literal and metaphorical, remains an inspiring narrative of patriotism, resilience, and unwavering commitment to the motherland.

Kashmir: A Land That Foreigners Never Left

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Kashmir: A Land That Foreigners Never Left

Kashmir’s allure has ensnared countless foreigners—some captivated by its beauty, others trapped by circumstances. From the elusive Wilson of 1936 to the foreign spouses of recent years, their stories share a common thread: Kashmir is not just a place to visit; for many, it becomes a place they cannot leave!

(Kashmir Re’Chords Exclusive)

Kashmir, often hailed as the Paradise on Earth, has long captivated the imagination of outsiders. For centuries, its natural splendor, historical depth, and socio-political intrigue have drawn travellers from far and wide. Many of these foreigners did more than just visit—they lingered, settled, or stayed far beyond their intended time, leaving behind stories steeped in mystery and controversy.

From the Afghans and Central Asians to the Persians and British, Kashmir’s history is interwoven with tales of foreign influences. While much is documented about invaders and settlers who shaped the valley, less is known about the enigmatic stories of individuals—like the cryptic case of L.F. Wilson in 1936 or the survival saga of a British-Italian duo in 1990. The whispers of “Mission Kashmir,” where visitors overstayed and left without a trace, add an air of intrigue to the valley’s narrative.

The Mystery of L.F. Wilson, 1936

In 1936, a peculiar figure named L.F. Wilson made headlines in Srinagar. Residing on Houseboat No. 213 at Chinar Bagh, he stirred controversy by refusing to pay his Ghat rent, claiming official duties related to Palace furniture. When questioned, his alleged connections to the administration crumbled. The Visitors Bureau sought clarity, but Jammu and Kashmir’s Minister-in-Waiting denied any association with Wilson. His identity and purpose remain a riddle to this day, a curious episode in Kashmir’s history.

A Tale of Survival: British and Italian Duo, 1990

The violent turmoil of 1990 brought its own set of foreign overstayers. Amid militancy and the exodus of Kashmiri Pandits, a British man, Derek Lingings, and his foster mother, Anna Bella Zaccaria, an Italian, found themselves stranded in Srinagar. Initially enchanted by Kashmir’s beauty, their extended stay turned into a struggle for survival. Financial hardships forced them to work as labourers on construction sites, even seeking aid from local relief committees. Their embassies offered no assistance, leaving them to fend for themselves in a region gripped by conflict.

Foreign Spouses and Post-2012 Challenges

In 2012, a new chapter unfolded with the return of over 350 women—mainly from Pakistan and Pakistan-Occupied Kashmir (PoK)—who entered under an amnesty scheme with their former militant husbands. These women, integrated into local Kashmiri families, face an uncertain future as the government tightens immigration laws. With their uncertain future, they have been protesting for so many years in many towns and villages of Kashmir.

Wives of former Kashmiri militants at a 2019 protest march in Srinagar. Pic Courtesy: Amin War

Take Bushra, a boutique owner in Sopore, who has built her life in Kashmir over a decade. Despite her contributions, she lives under the looming threat of deportation. Similarly, Nusrat from Tanghdar, divorced and stuck in limbo, describes her life as a prison, caught between a past she cannot return to and an uncertain future.

Government Crackdown in 2024

In  July 2024, the Jammu and Kashmir administration formed a seven-member panel to identify overstaying foreigners, including spouses, with the intent to deport them. This move has sparked widespread concern. The panel is tasked with collecting biometric data, monitoring legal cases, and updating records, aiming to regulate the presence of foreign nationals in the region. While authorities argue this is necessary to enforce immigration laws, affected families see it as an upheaval of lives already fraught with challenges.

Kashmir’s allure has ensnared countless foreigners—some captivated by its beauty, others trapped by circumstances. Their stories share a common thread: Kashmir is not just a place to visit; for many, it has now become a place they don’t wish or like to leave!

July 1931 `Warning Of Kashmir’

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July 1931 `Warning Of Kashmir’

(Kashmir Records Exclusive)

The history of Kashmir, especially before India’s Partition in 1947, is a tapestry woven with intrigue, politics, and propaganda. Often distorted to serve personal or political agendas, the events surrounding July 1931 remain among the most misunderstood chapters of the region’s past. This pivotal moment, which reshaped Kashmir’s political trajectory, deserves careful reexamination.

G.S. Raghavan’s Warning of Kashmir stands out as a rare beacon of truth, offering an unvarnished account of the turmoil that engulfed Kashmir during this period. Through meticulous research, Raghavan dismantles myths and illuminates the political, communal, and human dimensions of the unrest, challenging oversimplified narratives that dominate public discourse.

Raghavan, paints a broader picture, revealing how external and internal forces deiberately stoked unrest. Maharaja Hari Singh’s portrayal as an authoritarian despot, Raghavan argues, was part of a larger propaganda campaign to destabilize his rule.

July 1931: The Eruption of Violence

The tipping point came in July 1931, when religious passions were inflamed, and communities were pitted against each other. While much of the focus in mainstream histories has been on the political motivations of this unrest, Raghavan’s work uncovers the harsh realities of the violence.

The Kashmiri Pandit community bore the brunt of the turmoil, facing significant loss of life and property. The communal undertones of this tragedy, often overlooked in sanitized retellings, highlight the deeper fractures within the society of the time.

One of the most critical contributions of Warning of Kashmir is its ability to challenge the simplistic narrative of Muslim unrest against a Hindu ruler. According to Raghavan, the violence was not solely rooted in religion but was a calculated result of political provocations by various factions seeking to exploit Kashmir’s instability for their own agendas.

Upon its publication, Warning of Kashmir was endorsed by the Government of Jammu and Kashmir as an essential corrective to the distorted historical record. By presenting a balanced account, the book aimed to educate the public and dispel long-standing misconceptions about the events of 1931.

The history of Kashmir is far more intricate than the selective narratives often presented. G.S. Raghavan’s work serves as an invaluable resource for anyone seeking to understand the true complexities of the region’s past. Revisiting events like those of July 1931 with a critical lens can pave the way for healing and a deeper understanding of the forces that continue to shape Kashmir’s identity.

By shedding light on forgotten truths, Warning of Kashmir reminds us that the road to reconciliation begins with an honest reckoning of history.

A Forgotten Kashmiri Pandit Temple in Pakistan’s Gujrat !

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A Forgotten Kashmiri Pandit Temple in Pakistan’s Gujrat !

A recent find by Kashmir Rechords—a rare Urdu directory of Kashmiri Pandits from 1924-1934—has uncovered a forgotten chapter of history, revealing the existence of a “Fire Temple” dedicated to Swami Dhooni Sahib near Gujrat, Pakistan. Built by the Kashmiri Pandit community in Qilladar (Killadar) around 1884, this temple and adjacent school embody their devotion, cultural resilience, and educational values.

(By:Dr.Rajesh Bhat)*

The recent discovery of a rare Urdu directory of Kashmiri Pandits from British India, dated between 1924 and 1934, has revealed a hidden chapter of history, bringing to light an extraordinary story of cultural resilience and devotion. This directory not only showcases the lives of Kashmiri Pandits across British India but also unveils the existence of a unique Temple, built in memory of the revered mystic Swami Dhooni Sahib. This structure stands as a symbol of the community’s enduring spirit and reverence, located near Gujrat city  in what is now Pakistan.

Historical Significance of the Dhooni Temple

The Dhooni Sahib Temple, or what they now call, “Fire Temple,”  is believed to have been constructed around 1884 in the town of Qilladar (also known as Killadar) in Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan. Adjacent to this sacred structure, the Kashmiri Pandit community also built a school and an inn for travellers—a testament to their commitment to education and hospitality. The temple’s location and purpose hold unique cultural importance, as it was built on a site with natural flames emerging from the earth, which possibly drew mystics like Swami Dhooni Sahib for worship.

In addition to its religious significance, the site highlights the cohesive nature of the Kashmiri Pandit community in preserving their heritage. Despite being scattered across British India, these families maintained strong ties to their roots, even constructing a temple and school far from their homeland to honor their values and spiritual mentors.

Qilladar: A Hub of Heritage and Influence

Qilladar, a town in Gujrat District near the Upper Jhelum Canal, became a cultural and spiritual centre for the Kashmiri Pandits in British India. Its strategic location—close to major cities like Amritsar, Lahore, Sialkot and Jammu—made it a meeting point for communities and travellers alike. The town was historically significant as some of the decedents of Dewan Dena Nath, a prominent  Kashmiri Pandit figure in the Sikh Empire’s durbar, continued his legacy of community building by constructing the Fire Temple in Dhooni Sahib’s honor.

Under the governance of Sir Charles Umpherston Aitchinson, then Lt. Governor of Punjab, the Kashmiri Pandit community received support to build the temple. Dewan Dena Nath’s family lineage and the Madan clan, notable Kashmiri Pandits in the region, were instrumental in maintaining the temple and the school complex, which fostered learning and faith for future generations.

Legends and Myths of the `Fire’ Temple

The Dhooni Temple, according to local traditions, is said to be rooted in mystical significance. Stories speak of a perpetual flame emerging naturally from the earth, which may have inspired Dhooni Sahib and other mystics to consider it a sacred site. Sadly, this remarkable heritage site now suffers from encroachment and deterioration, with remnants barely hinting at its former grandeur.

Today, videos and photos of the temple(s) circulated by local Pakistani content creators have sparked interest, though limited historical knowledge has left gaps in understanding the temple’s origin. Misinterpretations have even led to speculation that it might be a Sun Temple, as the word “Dhooni” relates to fire in Hindi.  This post of Kashmir Rechords thus  aims to dispel these myths by bringing clarity to the temple’s history and role in the Kashmiri Pandit tradition.

Legacy in Peril: The Struggle to Preserve a Heritage Site

The once-vibrant structures of the Dhooni Sahib Temple and the school complex now stand in a state of disrepair. Maharaj Baheshar Nath Razdan, a Kashmiri Pandit who managed the temple, school, and inn, dedicated years of service to preserving the sanctity of the site. However, the passing of time and the division wrought by the 1947 partition has left this cultural gem largely abandoned.

Although local YouTubers and enthusiasts have made efforts to document the site, the absence of comprehensive historical data has hindered a true appreciation of its value. Kashmir Rechords thus  hopes to reconstruct the story of the Fire Temple, school, and the surrounding community to share it with future generations, ensuring that this chapter of Kashmiri Pandit heritage remains in collective memory.

The Present Condition of Dhooni `Fire’ Temple at Qilladar, Gujrat.Pic Courtesy: Ratas Hussain, YouTuber

Rediscovering the Past for Future Generations

With the Urdu directory of Kashmiri Pandits from 1924–1934 now in hand, Kashmir Rechords is embarking on a journey to uncover and share further insights about Kashmiri Pandit life and legacy across British India. This historical document, filled with photographs, family details, and anecdotes, is a window into a rich heritage that extends beyond the geographical boundaries of Kashmir.

Through ongoing research and publications, Kashmir Rechords aspires to illuminate more such hidden stories. The Dhooni Saheb Temple in Qilladar, Gujrat,  serves not only as a reminder of Kashmiri Pandit faith and resilience but also as an inspiration for preserving cultural memory, honoring the past while paving the way for future generations to rediscover and cherish their heritage.

* Rajesh Bhat is a Kashmir-born Journalist, Writer and Researcher; formerly associated with Daily Excelsior J&K and The Tribune, Chandīgarh. He is the Author of Radio Kashmir in Times of Peace & War. He can be reached at: raajbhat@gmail.com

The Judge Who Stood for Justice, Now Awaits His Own!

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The Judge Who Stood for Justice, Now Awaits His Own!

on November 4, 1989, Judge  Neelkanth Ganjoo’s body lay unattended—an unsettling reminder of the fear that gripped the valley

Kashmir Rechords’ Tributes

On a crisp November 4 morning in 1989, a figure strolled out of a local Bank on Hari Singh High Street in Srinagar, unaware that these steps would be his last. Judge Neelkanth Ganjoo, a retired yet resolute man of 72, was leaving his last public errand, his life soon to be cut short by a group of terrorists lurking nearby. As they approached him in broad daylight, they brought not only an end to a life devoted to justice but also plunged an entire community of Kashmiri Pandits into fear and sorrow. The tragic irony lies here: the man who had delivered justice to countless others was denied it himself, even 35 years later. His soul, like those of many others, seems to be waiting—crying out for the justice he had once so boldly represented.

Judge Ganjoo’s life, much like his death, was marked by acts of immense courage. He was a Kashmiri Pandit and a towering figure in the judicial world of Jammu and Kashmir. Between 1966 and 1968, he presided over a sensational and deeply polarizing trial: that of Maqbool Butt, co-founder of the Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF), charged with the murder of police constable Amar Chand. The trial ended with Judge Ganjoo pronouncing the death sentence on Butt in August 1968, a decision that would haunt him until his final day. Over the years, attempts on his life became a grim routine, as newspapers of that era reported that no fewer than six attempts had been made at his home in Karan Nagar. Despite the serious threats, he was denied elaborate  protection. And on that fateful day of  November 4, 1989, his assassins succeeded.

As his lifeless body lay in the street for hours, unmoved and unattended, Srinagar went back to its usual humdrum life. Buses resumed their routes, shops reopened, and people went about their daily business, some averting their gaze, others too terrified to even approach. Eventually, a few brave Policemen risked their own safety to retrieve his body, but even that final act of dignity came too late.

The Soul That Still Cries for Justice

In August 2023, thirty-four years after Judge Ganjoo’s assassination, the Jammu and Kashmir Police’s State Investigation Agency (SIA) issued a public communiqué asking for assistance to solve the case. With promises of protection and rewards for any information, they rekindled hope for answers.

But to the family, this seemed like pouring salt into old wounds. It was, as they put it, “too little, too late.” After so many years of waiting, they feared the renewed investigation might only deepen their pain. After all, decades had passed with the killers evading justice, and the world had moved on, leaving Judge Ganjoo’s family to grapple with their grief alone. More than a year has passed since this public notice was published in newspapers, but no headway has reportedly been met till date.

Judge Ganjoo’s killing was not an isolated tragedy; it was a calculated move to strike fear into the heart of the Kashmiri Pandit community, a second high-profile murder after the assassination of BJP leader Tika Lal Taploo. These targeted killings became part of a larger campaign of terror, aiming to drive the Pandits from their homeland not  by choice but  by force. Thousands were forced into exile, leaving behind the land their ancestors had cherished for centuries.

The memory of Judge Ganjoo’s assassination still looms like a shadow over the justice system he once upheld. Even now, his soul lingers, echoing through the annals of history, asking for the very justice he had delivered to so many. His was a life committed to principles, bound by duty. And as the valley’s wounds from those dark days remain unhealed, the judge’s silent cry for justice reverberates—a poignant reminder of the forgotten, of a life sacrificed, and a soul still waiting for peace.

Zoji La Day: Honoring Courage and Sacrifice

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Zoji La Day: Honoring Courage and Sacrifice
(Kashmir Re’Chords Correspondent)

The victory at Zoji La remains a shining example of the Indian Army’s unbreakable will, as they broke through the strongest of barriers to protect the land and honor of their country.

The Battle of Zoji La, fought on the frigid Himalayan heights, stands as one of the most awe-inspiring chapters of valour and strategic ingenuity in Indian military history. Celebrated on November 1, Zoji La Day honours this iconic 1948 victory, where the Indian Army overcame incredible odds to reclaim a crucial pass in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947-48.

In 1948, as Pakistan-backed raiders captured Zoji La Pass—a vital entry to Ladakh—the stakes for India became clear. The loss of Zoji La threatened Indian control over the region, opening pathways toward Kargil and Leh. Reclaiming this pass was crucial to ensuring Ladakh safety, and thus began one of the most daring and innovative operations of the war.

Operation Bison: A Bold Strategy at Extreme Altitudes

Maj Gen S K  Sinha in his Book “Operation Rescue’’  while talking about 1947-1949 military operations in Jammu and Kashmir, says that The initial attempt to recapture Zoji La, codenamed Operation Duck, faced setbacks due to extreme weather and tough enemy defences. Recognizing the need for a fresh approach, Lt. Gen. K.M. Cariappa, Western Army Commander, redesigned the mission as Operation Bison. In a world-first feat, he incorporated tanks into mountain warfare, setting a precedent for armoured assaults at extreme altitudes.

Transporting M5 Stuart tanks from the seventh Cavalry regiment over rough, snow-clad terrain posed logistical challenges, but engineers from the Madras Sappers adapted the route. Mule tracks were widened, bridges reinforced, and the tanks painstakingly assembled near the frontline, demonstrating exceptional engineering skill and perseverance.

Pictures of Zojila 1948, published in the Book ` Operation Rescue’

Victory Against All Odds

On November 1, 1948, under the cover of dense fog and freezing temperatures, Indian forces launched a surprise attack with tanks—a tactic that caught the Pakistani forces off guard. Supported by heavy artillery, Indian troops advanced over icy slopes, forcing the raiders back from Zoji La towards Dras. This hard-won victory reopened the route to Kargil, enabling Indian forces to eventually join troops advancing from Leh and secure the region.

The bravery displayed at Zoji La earned many troops high honors, including eight Maha Vir Chakras and eighteen Vir Chakras, recognizing their extraordinary courage and service. The battle not only marked a strategic triumph but also displayed the Indian Army’s spirit, resilience, and innovative tactics, redefined warfare in extreme conditions. Kashmir Re’Chords, from its archives, is bringing a news item of November 1, 1990 when Zoji La Day was celebrated under Col M.S Kalra. This news item highlights the role of 15 Punjab Battalion and Col Kalra was commanding the battalion in 1990.

Celebrated annually on November 1, Zoji La Day pays tribute to the indomitable spirit and “Never Say Die” attitude of Indian soldiers. The Zoji La War Memorial near Drass stands as a testament to their valour, preserving the memory of a victory against overwhelming odds and inspiring future generations.

Meet The Youngest Voice from 1947  Muzaffarabad Massacre!

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Meet The Youngest Voice from 1947  Muzaffarabad Massacre!

(By: Dr. Rajesh Bhat)*

In October 1947, as three-year-old Jaswant Singh lay in his grandmother’s arms, he had little idea of the tragedy surrounding him. In a brutal act of violence that would devastate hundreds of Sikh families, including his own, his father, mother, and grandfather were killed in the Muzaffarabad massacre, which swept through the region in a wave of religious persecution and violence. Caught in the turmoil, Jaswant  Singh lost nearly everything—except for the steadfast love and protection of his grandmother, Bhani Devi.

In a display of unwavering courage, Bhani Devi managed to flee with young Jaswant in tow, carrying him through harrowing paths to escape the raiders. This elderly woman, with her only surviving grandchild cradled close, would become his entire world. Though she carried him to safety, she left behind her husband, Subha Singh, and the homeland that had nurtured generations of their family. Clutching a black-and-white photograph of his grandmother Bhani Devi, Jaswant  Singh continues to carry her memory and the shared legacy wherever he goes.

Bani Devi, registered as a Migrant from Pakistan-held -Kashmir in 1960.

Finding Refuge, Rebuilding Lives

The survivor of 1947 Muzaffarabad Massacre–Bani Devi

The journey of Grandmother-Grandson  duo was marked by constant struggle, from the makeshift refugee camps of Dharamshala to Bhopal. While they found temporary shelter, Jaswant, Bhani Devi and hundreds of other Sikh families shared an intense yearning to honor the loved ones they’d lost. Finally, in 1956, they found a place of permanent refuge in Patiala, Punjab. Arriving with little more than memories and heartache, these families began to rebuild their lives, starting from scratch.

In Patiala, the State granted them barren lands. Despite their determination, the infertile soil was almost impossible to cultivate, and Bhani Devi, like many others, eventually had to surrender the land. But these resilient families found strength in each other. United in loss, they nurtured a powerful vision: a sacred space where they could remember and honor those left behind in Muzaffarabad, Kotli, and Mirpur.

The Gurudwara: A Sanctuary of Remembrance and Resilience

In 1956, with community support, these survivors created Gurudwara Shri Guru Singh Sabha, Muzaffarabad Baradari, in Patiala. Rising tall in the Tripari area, this Gurudwara is much more than bricks and mortar—it stands as a testament to the resilience of a community that, despite devastating loss, held fast to their faith and unity. It serves as a shrine to history, a sanctuary for grief, and a reminder to future generations of the courage it took to survive. (Kashmir Rechords has already carried a detailed story on Shri Gurudwara, Muzaffarabad, Patiala and can be accessed at: https://kashmir-rechords.com/gurudwara-at-patiala-a-beacon-for-the-survivors-of-muzaffarabad-massacre/)

Today, this sacred Gurudwara brings together the descendants of nearly 300 families who endured the Muzaffarabad massacre. Every year, they gather within its walls to share stories, pay respects, and honor the memories of those they lost. For Jaswant Singh and countless others, this Gurudwara is more than a place of worship. It is a sanctuary of resilience, a standing reminder of the spirit’s ability to endure in the face of adversity.

1947 Muzaffarabad Massacre Survivor, Jaswant Singh with the Author.

A Legacy Carried Forward

Jaswant Singh, now in his twilight years, sees the Gurudwara as a reminder not only of the past but of the enduring unity, faith, and remembrance that keep his community strong. As he looks at the photograph of his grandmother, he carries forward not only her memory but also the collective legacy of those who survived with him. Through Gurudwara Shri Guru Singh Sabha, the story of survival, strength, and remembrance lives on, reminding everyone that, no matter the hardship, the human spirit can—and will—endure.

  • *Dr. Rajesh Bhat is a Kashmir-born Journalist, Writer and Researcher; formerly associated with Daily Excelsior J&K and The Tribune, Chandīgarh. He is the Author of Radio Kashmir in Times of Peace & War.

The Ugly Kashmiri!

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The Ugly Kashmiri!
Author of Ugly Kashmiri–Arvind Gigoo
( By: Kanwal Krishan Lidhoo)

The Literature in Exile is a term that has a global dimension. Works of great literary merit have been produced by the authors who chose or were forced to live in places other than their own. The life in exile is like living in a cauldron. It boils everything and changes the contours of existence to a totally new shape, while retaining certain flavours and tastes of the original constituents more often as a baggage than something to be valued. Many races and communities produced marvellous literature when having to assert their lost identity and  socio cultural inheritance had first to de-construct their existence and subsequently apply the same to understand and face  their ghosts and predicaments. This deconstruction helps them come out of their insecurities and also their comfort zones.  This has happened with Jews, Asians and Africans and nearer home to Punjabis, Sindhis and …… the Kashmiri Pandits.

The Ugly Kashmiri

Besides the marvellous  literary output through books of merit in Kashmiri, Urdu and Hindi, one masterpiece in English by Arvind Gigoo, Professor in English who was forced to live away from Kashmir came up in the year 2006. The title of the book is “Ominous”…. “The Ugly Kashmiri”. But such is the power and appeal of the book that it has run out of the editions. Interestingly it should adore every Kashmiri’s bookshelf. Those who say that its context is Kashmir and only the inhabitants of that place will relate to it are holding to wrong assumptions. The satire in all 180 aphorisms has a universal appeal  that cuts across regions, places and time in history. Maradona’s ‘Hand of God’ quote seems to aptly apply to this book also. These 180 aphorisms have been conceived in a manner which  resemble the ‘Sutras’ of ancient Rishis. They are usually one-liners and in the middle. The words of wisdom seem to exist in a void and have a deep significance. Around these ‘Sutras’ one can always load one’s thoughts and conditionings but that is not going to change the truth of the satirical aphorisms. These pearls of wisdom were not created by design. They just happened.

( Some cameos from `The Ugly Kashmiri’)

A Deeply Cathartic Process

Kashmir Rechords was fortunate to elicit a response from the author Arvind Gigoo sometime back when he was alive. And the response was: “It actually has been a deep and cathartic process”. Like many Kashmiris he also possesses a sensitive soul, carries the concerns, joys and sorrows of a Kashmiri whether a Hindu or a Mussalman caught up in the cauldron post 1990 when tectonic shifts took place with regard to socio- political conditions in Kashmir.

The book starts in fact with an aphorism with deep spiritual meaning…… “I Still Am But I am not Still” . Though satirical  it has a tremendous healing effect. The subsequent satirical aphorisms continue to jolt us, make us rue and weep and finally enable us to build an appreciation for the same. They usually shame every one of us and that is why Arvind Gigoo’s masterpiece “The Ugly Kashmiri”  has jolted every Kashmiri  from within and has made him or her shun   their  individual comfort zones.

One of his cameo is directed towards  the dubious philosophy nurtured by  the terrorists, who indiscriminately killed several Kashmiri Pandits and Kashmiri Muslims.

The author states in the preface, “I have never had any political commitment and religious conviction. I go on changing my opinions. I dangle between an idea and its opposite. I am sure about my doubts, vacillations and uncertainties.” He has dedicated this book to an unknown “Ahmad the Blacksmith, Whom nobody Knows because he is beautiful !”

A Wave of Voluntary Retirements in J&K Bank amid Nepotism, Unmet Targets

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A Wave of Voluntary Retirements in J&K Bank amid Nepotism, Unmet Targets
(Kashmir Re’Chords Exclusive)

Voluntary Retirement Trend  is surging in Jammu and Kashmir Bank Limited!  Over 155 senior employees have  already applied for voluntary retirement or sought resignations between October 2023 and October 2024, highlighting severe issues within the bank’s workforce.

A growing sense of dissatisfaction is gripping its middle-rung employees, including Branch Managers, Senior Managers, and Chief Managers, mostly in the age group of 50 to 60.  Talking to some of these individuals, it was noticed that they  are increasingly seeking voluntary retirement to escape what they perceive as a hostile work environment plagued by nepotism, unrealistic targets, stressful conditions and an indifferent top management. The bank’s leadership, comfortably insulated in their Corporate or Zonal Office chambers, has been accused of fostering favouritism while disregarding the well-being of those working on the ground.

Working on the Ground…Under Stressful Conditions!

  In a region where unemployment remains a pressing issue, the exodus of seasoned employees from the J&K Bank seems paradoxical. However, the pressures they face are significant. Rather than addressing the legitimate concerns of their junior colleagues, the senior management has reportedly exacerbated the situation by setting impossible deadlines, promoting personal interests, and terrorizing staff with threats of “severe action’’ for failing to meet the targets. The environment has become so stifling that many  more are desperate to leave.

According to figures obtained by Kashmir Re’Chords, over 155 senior employees, predominantly Managers and Senior Managers, have  already applied for voluntary retirement or sought resignation between October 2023 and October 2024. While banking sectors across India equally  face similar challenges, the situation in J&K Bank, however,  appears particularly acute. Employees without influential connections or “godfathers” within the organization are repeatedly assigned to far-flung, inaccessible locations, making it nearly impossible to maintain work-life balance. Women employees, despite their capabilities, also face systemic discrimination, with none having ever been appointed as Chairperson of the bank since its establishment before 1947. Some women employees were even recently denied promotion, despite their capabilities. They are now either sidelined or forced to work under otherwise `incapable’ colleagues, now their seniors!

Inequity in Postings

The inequities in employee treatment are stark. Well-connected officers are allowed to remain in comfortable postings for years in coveted locations such as Kashmir, Jammu, or Delhi-NCR regions, while others are shunted to remote areas under severe conditions. Figures available with  Kashmir Rechords reveal that  there are numerous examples of officers, shielded by the patronage of top management, who have remained in their preferred branches for over five to seven years at a stretch, be that in Kashmir, Jammu or Delhi-NCR. Meanwhile, those committed to a fair work culture but lacking the right connections find themselves transferred to distant locations, separated from their families and forced to work in stressful environments.

 Protection to Backdoor Appointees

At the same time, a parallel issue looms large over the bank—backdoor appointments. Before 2019, over 3,000 individuals reportedly entered the bank through political favouritism, bypassing standard recruitment procedures. Many of these Assistant Banking Associates continue to work without any fear of consequences, protected by the very same top management accused of forcing others into early retirement. Despite the involvement of the Anti-Corruption Bureau and the exposure of this scandal, little has changed for those employees who entered through these questionable channels.

As voluntary retirement applications increase, one question remains—are the senior leaders, especially the CEO of J&K Bank, fully aware of the growing unrest within their ranks?  And if so, will they take action to remedy the situation, or will the list of disillusioned employees continue to grow unchecked?

Note: Kashmir Rechords urges all affected employees of J&K Bank, who have applied for or are considering voluntary retirement, to share their experiences with us at: support@kashmir-rechords.com or kashmirrechords@gmail.com. Your stories will help the top management of J&K Bank better understand the reasons behind the growing number of voluntary retirement seekers. Kashmir Rechords pledges complete confidentiality and assures that your identity will remain undisclosed

When Two Raos  Had Planned the Return of Kashmiri Pandits!

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When Two Raos  Had Planned the Return of Kashmiri Pandits!

A 1996 Plan by Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao and Governor Gen K.V. Krishna Rao to Bring Back Exiled  Kashmiri Pandits Failed Due to Resistance from Within the Community.

(Kashmir Re’Chords Exclusive)

In the early months of 1996, India was on the verge of a bold initiative that could have reshaped the fate of thousands of exiled Kashmiri Pandits. Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao and the then Governor of Jammu and Kashmir, General K.V. Krishna Rao, were working on a meticulously devised plan aimed at facilitating the return of Kashmiri Pandit families, who had to flee  the Valley during the violent unrest of the 1990s. The plan was on the brink of being set in motion, with both leaders determined to see it through. However, a surprising and strong resistance from Kashmiri Pandit organizations themselves would eventually stall this historic move.

A Vision for Homecoming

Prime Minister Rao, known for his political astuteness and deep understanding of Kashmir’s complex socio-political landscape, was deeply committed to bringing the Kashmiri Pandits back to their homeland. Supported by General Krishna Rao, the then  Governor of Jammu and Kashmir, the plan aimed to restore normalcy in the region through the rehabilitation of those displaced by militancy. The blueprint was prepared over several months of discussions, between October 1995 and February 1996, with the intention of launching the initiative in April of that year.

At the heart of the plan was the establishment of a special Council dedicated to the rehabilitation of victims of militancy. This Council, chaired by the Governor with the Chief Secretary as its executive head, had been registered and equipped with an initial corpus of Rs 20 crore. It laid the groundwork for a phased return of Kashmiri Pandit families to selected, safer areas of the Valley.

Confidence Building and Social Dialogue

The return plan was not just logistical but also strategic in fostering a social dialogue between the migrants and the local communities in Kashmir. Visits to the migrant camps by prominent Valley personalities were envisaged to build trust and pave the way for reconciliation. A few zones in areas like Pulwama, Baramulla, Anantnag, Bandipora and Srinagar were identified as initial points of resettlement, where social interactions could help initiate a broader peace process.

Newspaper reports from March 1996 available with Kashmir Rechords  suggest that many Kashmiri Pandits had shown interest in the plan, raising hopes that a peaceful return was possible. According to the then Chief Secretary, Ashok Kumar, the groundwork was laid, and initial responses were encouraging.

Resistance from Within

However, despite the careful planning and the personal commitment of Prime Minister Rao and Governor Krishna Rao, the return plan faced an unexpected and vehement rejection from key Kashmiri Pandit organizations. On March 19, 1996, just as the plan was being formalized, major migrant groups unanimously opposed the initiative.

N.N. Kaul, president of the Kashmiri Samiti Delhi, led the charge against the plan, accusing the government of taking Kashmiri migrants for granted. Ramesh Razdan, general secretary of Panun Kashmir, dismissed the move as “vague and meaningless,” while A.N. Vaishnavi, president of the All-State Kashmiri Pandit Conference (ASKPC), issued a “clear cut directive” to all Pandit migrants, urging them to avoid contact with members of the Valley’s majority community.

A Missed Opportunity

As the resistance mounted and the 1996 general elections loomed, the window for implementing the plan rapidly closed. With the change of government in May 1996, P.V. Narasimha Rao’s tenure ended, and with it, the dream of facilitating the return of Kashmiri Pandits faded into the background. Though Rao had been passionate about the issue, the resistance from within the Pandit community itself had made it difficult to proceed.

Now, nearly three decades later, in 2024, the exiled Kashmiri Pandits remain scattered across the country, still awaiting a viable return plan. The opposition from various organizations persists, and the dream of reconciliation and return, envisioned by the two Raos, remains unfulfilled.

The efforts of Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao and Governor Gen K.V. Krishna Rao stand as a poignant reminder of a missed opportunity—one that could have possibly rewritten the history of Kashmir.

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