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Vandalism,Insurgency and 1983 Kashmir Cricket

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Vandalism,Insurgency and 1983 Kashmir Cricket

(Kashmir Rechords Exclusive)

To understand the roots of the insurgency in Kashmir, one must look beyond the widely held belief that the rigging of the 1987 elections was the primary catalyst. A critical event four years earlier, on October 13, 1983, serves as a stark reminder of the region’s escalating tensions—marked by the first international One Day Cricket match held in Srinagar.

The years 1982 and 1983 remain pivotal in Kashmir’s history. At the helm was  Dr Farooq Abdullah, who, despite being a newly elected Chief Minister, misjudged  or perhaps  allowed the shifting sentiments of the Kashmiri people. This miscalculation would culminate in chaos during the cricket match, which was organized by the Indian Cricket Board to showcase India against the West Indies at the Sheri-Kashmir International Cricket Stadium. The venue was far from traditional; wooden planks formed makeshift stands, and the picturesque outfield was short enough to witness an overwhelming display of sixes from the West Indies batsmen.

When Farooq Abdullah courted Controversy

Kashmiris had a deep admiration for cricket, especially for icons like Sunil Gavaskar, whose actions on the field in praise of Imran Khan poster shown to him,  received an electrifying welcome. However, the jubilant atmosphere quickly soured. As the match progressed, the crowd’s behavior shifted ominously. Booing erupted, and a section of the spectators began to chant pro-Pakistan slogans. Even the weather seemed to mirror the tumultuous mood, as dark clouds loomed overhead, signaling the chaos to come.

Farooq Abdullah witnessed the disruption but failed to take decisive action, a choice that would later haunt him. Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, alarmed by the unrest, began to perceive the emergence of secessionist sentiments in Kashmir. Within months, Abdullah’s government was dismissed, paving the way for his brother-in-law, Ghulam Mohammad Shah, to assume power.

The match on October 13, 1983, ended in controversy when twelve individuals were accused of vandalizing the pitch during the lunch break. This act of defiance, perceived as an affront to Indian sovereignty, set a precedent for the political unrest that would follow. Astonishingly, in 2011—28 years later—all those charged were acquitted due to a lack of evidence, despite the match being broadcast live!

Pitch Digging–Lack of Evidence!

Many who participated in the pitch-digging incident later became involved in the insurgency against India. Among them was Showkat Bakshi, a key militant whose digging charges were dismissed alongside others. Ironically, while Bakshi faced jail time in 1990 for terrorism, he never appeared in court for the cricket pitch damage, a stark reflection of the complexities surrounding justice in the region.

As the 1986 match against Australia approached, the political climate had worsened. This second and last ODI in Kashmir occurred under President’s Rule and also ended in disappointment for the Indian team.

 Indian Cricket Controversies

Gavaskar, reflecting on the experience in his book “Runs ‘n Ruins,” noted the bizarre atmosphere where the crowd was more aligned with their rivals than their own team.

The events of October 13, 1983, reverberated through the years, symbolizing the deepening divide in Kashmir. The stadium that day became a stage not just for cricket but for the expression of dissent against Indian rule. Crowds hurled bottles and stones, creating an environment fraught with hostility. K.R. Wadhwaney, a prominent sports journalist, criticized the Board of Control for Cricket in India for their poor foresight in choosing Srinagar as a venue, suggesting that they ignored the potential ramifications of such a decision.

In his book “ Indian Cricket Controversies’’, Wadhwaney  says that the   unpardonable behavior  of   a section of  the spectators  was a slap in the face of Indian patriotism. The author further goes to state that the day’s events that unfolded showed that the throng of spectators was tutored to shout anti India slogans even when there were occasions to applaud them. It was shocking ;it was not cricket, Wadhwaney, who had covered the event notes in his book.

Are Sunny Days Back?

Today, Kashmir is experiencing a renaissance in cricket. Young cricketers  from both Jammu and Kashmir regions  are making names for themselves in national and international circuits, including the IPL. The region, now populated with a more educated and discerning youth, is eager to move forward.

Recently, the Legends League Cricket match reignited local enthusiasm, with spectators lining up for hours to secure tickets—a far cry from the tumultuous events of 1983. As Kashmir awaits a new era of sporting triumphs, the past serves as a reminder of the complex interplay between sport, politics, and identity in the region. With renewed hope, the cricket stadium in Jammu looks forward to hosting matches once again, signaling a brighter future for the beloved  “Gentleman’s’’ game in Kashmir.

Ratan Tata’s Vision for Kashmir: A Legacy of Hope

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Ratan Tata’s Vision for Kashmir: A Legacy of Hope

(Kashmir Rechords Exclusive)

On October 5, 2012, Ratan Tata, who passed away on October 9, 2024, made a visit to Srinagar, Kashmir, accompanied by some of India’s most prominent business leaders. This visit aimed to explore ways to uplift the region’s economic conditions, bringing hope to a troubled area through trade and industry. Known for his humility and ethical business practices, Tata’s presence left an indelible mark on Kashmir.

“The Brightest of All”: Kashmiri Students Shine

One of the highlights of Ratan Tata’s visit was his interaction with the students of Kashmir University, where he observed that they were “the brightest of all.” This praise, coming from a respected figure like Tata, resonated deeply with the students and the local community. His encouraging words brought a sense of optimism and pride to the youth of the region, a sentiment that still lingers today.

During his visit, Ratan Tata committed to supporting the growth of trade and industry in Kashmir. His goal was clear: to create more job opportunities for the young people of the Valley. However, due to the political instability in the then State of J&K and owing to other reasons, many of his plans were left unfulfilled. Nevertheless, Tata’s vision for a prosperous Kashmir remains an aspiration that can still be realized.

 A Gathering of Business Minds

The 2012  visit to Kashmir  was made possible through the efforts of Congress leader Rahul Gandhi, who invited Tata and other top business leaders like Kumar Mangalam Birla, Deepak Parekh, and Rajeev Bajaj. Together, they participated in a panel discussion at Kashmir University, pledging to provide internships, campus placements, and a Centre for Innovation to boost employment opportunities for Kashmiri students.

A Vision for Expanding Tata’s Presence in Kashmir

In a breakfast meeting with the then Chief Minister, Omar Abdullah, Ratan Tata expressed a desire to expand the Tata Group’s activities in Kashmir. His focus was on developing sectors such as Information Technology, hospitality, agro-products, and horticulture. Additionally, Tata fondly recalled his childhood visits to the Valley with his grandfather, reminiscing about their stays on a houseboat in Nigeen Lake. Abdullah extended an invitation for him to relive those memories once again, reflecting the personal connection Tata had with Kashmir.

Rattan Tata along with other top business leaders at Kashmir University Campus

The Road Ahead: Fulfilling Tata’s Vision

Now, as Kashmir moves closer to stability, with the recent elections bringing Omar Abdullah and the National Conference back to leadership, the time seems ripe to revisit Ratan Tata’s dream. The Tata Group is uniquely positioned to fulfil his vision of a vibrant and prosperous Kashmir, creating new opportunities for the region’s youth.

Realizing this dream would be the greatest tribute to the man who saw potential in Kashmir’s students and hoped to build a brighter future for the Valley.

Punjabi Literary Gem Nawen Yug De Waaris Now Available in Kashmiri

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Punjabi Literary Gem Nawen Yug De Waaris Now Available in Kashmiri

( Kashmir Rechords Reporter)

Sahitya Akademi, Delhi  has recently  released Nawen Yug De Waaris, the celebrated Punjabi short story collection by Mohinder Singh Sarna, now masterfully translated into Kashmiri by renowned translator Kanwal Krishan Lidhoo, who is currently one of the Directors of Kashmir Rechords. This  Kashmiri translation represents a unique cultural bridge between Punjab and Kashmir, showcasing a shared legacy of storytelling that resonates with both regions.

Originally published in 1991, Nawen Yug De Waaris is regarded as a landmark in Punjabi literature, receiving the prestigious Sahitya Akademi Award. The collection explores a wide range of themes, including the tragedy of Partition, exploitation of the marginalized, psychological struggles and moral crises, all of which continue to resonate with today’s global issues.

Mohinder Singh Sarna: A Master Storyteller

Born in 1923 at  Rawalpindi , Punjab of British India,  Mohinder Singh Sarna’s stories capture the human condition, blending dark realities with undertones of hope. His works reflect the erosion of moral values in contemporary society, yet they also offer glimpses of human resilience. As a revered figure in Punjabi literature, Sarna’s prolific output includes short stories, novels, essays, and epics that have enriched the Punjabi literary tradition.

Mohinder Singh Sarna who passed away in 2001, was an Indian civil servant and novelist who wrote in the Punjabi language and  won the 1994 Sahitya Akademi Award for his short story collection Nawen Yug De Waris,now available in Kashmiri ( thanks to the efforts of Mr Lidhoo). He is the father of diplomat Navtej Sarna, also  an Indian author, columnist and former Indian Ambassador to the United States having  previously served as the High Commissioner of India to the United Kingdom, and the Ambassador to Israel.

Kanwal Krishan Lidhoo: The Accomplished Translator

The Sahitya Akademi entrusted the translation of Nawen Yug De Waaris to Kanwal Krishan Lidhoo, a renowned translator proficient in Urdu, English, and Hindi, but primarily focused on translating into his native Kashmiri. Lidhoo’s background includes over three decades of service as a Senior Producer at All India Radio and he is currently one of the  Directors at Kashmir Rechords. His skillful translation of Sarna’s stories reflects his deep linguistic knowledge and cultural sensitivity.

Exploring Universal Themes Through Kashmiri Translation

Lidhoo’s translation of Punjabi masterpiece includes 25 stories, many of which delve into the lasting scars of Partition, societal exploitation, and modern hypocrisies. Notable stories include Be-Mol Mokhta (“Priceless Pearl”), Akh Waadeh (“One Vow”), Vozul Taangeh (“The Red Tonga”), and Buzargan Henz Panahgah (“Old Age Home”), which echo the divisive effects of Partition. Other stories like Munshi Dhani Ram and Zolur (“Spider”) tackle societal issues, while works such as Patim Peg (“The Last Peg”) and Sartali Band Party (“The Brass Band”) critique modern life.

The Kashmiri Translation of Nawen Yug De Waaris captures the psychological depth and existential questions posed by Sarna’s stories, making them accessible to Kashmiri readers.

On October 6, 2024, Daily Excelsior, a prominent newspaper in Jammu and Kashmir, published a detailed write-up on the translation of Mohinder Singh Sarna’s Nawen Yug De Waaris into Kashmiri. The newspaper praised the translation for retaining the essence of Sarna’s themes while enriching Kashmiri literature.

Lidhoo’s translation of Nawen Yug De Waaris is not his first significant contribution to literature. He previously translated Samay Matrika, a 10th-century Sanskrit work by Ksemendra, into Kashmiri. This monumental project took nearly eight years and was the first translation of its kind into the Kashmiri language.

In addition,  Kanwal Lidhoo has translated several other works, including Sahitya Akademi’s Hum Kaal Sindhi Afsana Sombran and the Indian Institute of Languages’ publication Hindustaenie Falsafekie Khad-o-Khal, and a  Kashmiri translation of Outlines of Indian Philosophy by renowned Professor M. Hiriyanna.

Kashmiri Translation of 10th century Samay Matrika
Lidhoo’s monograph on noted Kashmiri poet, Makhan Lal Kanwal

A Legacy of Excellence

Lidhoo, accredited by both the Sahitya Akademi and the Indian Institute of Languages, has a distinguished career as a translator and a veteran broadcaster. His contributions to Kashmiri, Urdu, and Hindi literature through translations, monographs, and his work with All India Radio have solidified his reputation as a literary figure.

His translation of Nawen Yug De Waaris into Kashmiri represents a significant cultural and linguistic achievement, bringing Punjabi literature closer to Kashmiri readers while preserving the universal themes of human experience.

Dogra Regiment & Gorkha Rifles: Pillars of Valour in India’s Defence

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Dogra Regiment & Gorkha Rifles: Pillars of Valour in India’s Defence
(Kashmir Rechords Reporter)

Dateline: October 5, 1990

The Indian Army’s esteemed Fourth Dogra Regiment and the 3/9 Gorkha Rifles had marked their Golden Jubilee, celebrating 50 years of valour, sacrifice and service to the Nation, about 34 years ago in 1990. These battalions have earned a prominent place in the history of the Indian Army through their dedication and achievements in war and peace, under challenging conditions.

The 4th Dogra Regiment has consistently lived up to its motto, “Kartavyam Anvatma”, meaning “Duty before Self.” As stated by its  then Commanding Officer, Lieutenant Colonel M.K. Aeri, in October 1990, the battalion had the proud privilege of serving both at home and abroad, in war and peace, across various terrains including deserts, dense jungles, and the icy heights of Siachen. The soldiers of the battalion have repeatedly proven their mettle, with many making the ultimate sacrifice to uphold the honor of their regiment and country.

One of the regiment’s most distinguished moments came in the 1948 J&K operations when it earned the Battle Honour “Barwali” for its heroic role in the Battle of Barwali Ridge in the Rajouri sector of Jammu and Kashmir. The sacrifice of Lieutenant Colonel I.J.S. Butalia, who fell in this battle, marked a tragic yet inspiring chapter in the regiment’s history. He was posthumously awarded Maha Vir Chakra for his gallantry, and a memorial was erected in his honor near Naushera, J&K, serving as a lasting tribute to the martyrs who saved Jhangar-Naushera.

Sacrifice of Lieutenant Colonel I.J.S. Butalia

Born on February 12, 1911, Lieutenant Colonel I.J.S. Butalia was a distinguished officer of the Dogra Regiment, commissioned in 1937. During the 1948 operations in Jammu and Kashmir, he led the 4th Dogra with remarkable courage and tactical acumen, especially in battles like Kalal, Chawa, Jhangar, and Barwali Ridge. His leadership during the Battle of Kalal and later at Barwali Ridge solidified his legacy as a brave and exemplary soldier. He was the Second Commanding Officer of the 4th Dogra to be killed in action within three years, after Lieutenant Colonel R.P. Taylor in 1945. For his supreme sacrifice, Lt Col Butalia was posthumously awarded the Maha Vir Chakra, and a war memorial stands in his honor at Seri (Naushera), where he fell on February 22, 1948.

The 4th Dogra Regiment’s history is also marked by its valiant efforts during the 1962 Chinese aggression. Despite the heavy losses, the regiment upheld the traditions of the Indian Army, adding to the distinguished history of the Dogra Regiment, one of the most decorated and prestigious units in the Indian Army.

The 3/9 Gorkha Rifles

On the same day in 1990, the 3/9 Gorkha Rifles also celebrated its Golden Jubilee in the Northern Sector. This period was particularly turbulent, with Kashmir experiencing heightened insurgency, militants infiltrating the region, and the forced exodus of Kashmiri Pandits. In the midst of this chaos, the Gorkha Rifles, posted in Northern Sector, maintained their discipline and dedication to duty. The celebrations were graced by the presence of Lieutenant General B.K.N. Chibber, Colonel Commandant of the 9th Gorkha Regiment, who inspected the Guard of Honour, somewhere in Northern Sector on his arrival.

Preserving History: A Tribute to Courage

The Kashmir Rechords (www.kashmir-rechords), an organization dedicated to preserving the history and legacy of Jammu and Kashmir, takes pride in sharing the preserved newspaper cuttings of October 6, 1990, which commemorate the Golden Jubilee of these two illustrious battalions. The celebration of the Fourth Dogra Regiment and the 3/9 Gorkha Rifles is a testament to their enduring legacy, their commitment to duty, and their countless sacrifices for the security and integrity of India.

Gurudwara at Patiala: A Beacon for the Survivors of Muzaffarabad Massacre

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Gurudwara at Patiala: A Beacon for the Survivors of Muzaffarabad Massacre
(By: Dr. Rajesh Bhat)*

The Gurudwara, Shri Guru Singh Sabha, Muzaffarabad Baradari, Kashmirian at  Patiala, Punjab is more than a building. It is a monument to the grief, love, and resilience of a community that endured unspeakable horrors. Each year, the descendants of those 300 families gather here to commemorate the victims of the October 1947 Muzaffarabad massacre.

In the heart of Patiala, Punjab, stands a small Gurudwara—an emblem of resilience, remembrance, and hope. This sacred place is not merely a site of worship but a living testament to a story woven in pain, loss, and unyielding courage. It tells the tale of 300 Sikh families from Muzaffarabad and Kotli, whose ancestors once thrived in what is now Pakistan-occupied Jammu and Kashmir. These families lived harmoniously with their land and traditions until the tragic events of October 1947 forever altered their destinies.

The partition of India left deep scars across the subcontinent, and for these families, the impact was especially profound. When Pashtun tribesmen, backed by the Pakistani Army, stormed through the villages of Mirpur, Kotli, and Muzaffarabad, the lives of these Sikh families were irreparably shattered. Their peaceful homes were transformed into battlegrounds, and their loved ones became martyrs in a storm of violence. Thousands of Sikhs and Hindus were mercilessly killed, and women were forced to jump into rivers to escape enslavement and forced conversion.

The Escape from Muzaffarabad

Amidst this horror, around 300 Sikh families of Muzaffarabad and 20 surrounding villages  miraculously survived the massacre. Fleeing with nothing but the clothes on their backs and the grief of leaving behind their ancestral lands, they sought refuge in migrant camps, first in  Dharamshala and then at  Bhopal. Despite their immense loss, they were determined to keep the memory of their fallen loved ones alive.

Rebuilding Lives in Patiala

In 1956, after moving from migrant Camp set up at Bhopal,  these survivors finally found solace in Patiala, Punjab, where they began to rebuild their lives. Yet, they did not—and could not—forget their past. In memory of those who were killed, they united to construct a Gurudwara—a sacred place that would forever honor the souls lost in Muzaffarabad, Kotli, and Mirpur.

The Gurudwara Shri Guru Singh Sabha, Muzaffarabad Baradari, Kashmirian at  Tripari, Patiala, is more than a building. It is a monument to the grief, love, and resilience of a community that endured unspeakable horrors. Each year, the descendants of those 300 families gather here to commemorate the victims of the October 1947 Muzaffarabad massacre. The retelling of their ancestors’ stories serves not to reopen old wounds but to ensure the sacrifices of their people are never forgotten.

A Beacon of Strength and Memory

This Gurudwara stands as a reminder not just of the partition but of the enduring human spirit in the face of overwhelming loss. For the descendants of these families, their ancestors’ stories are not distant history but a living legacy, shaping their identity and sense of purpose.

As time passes, the physical evidence of the violence in Muzaffarabad and Kotli may fade, but the Gurudwara in Patiala ensures that the memory of those who were killed for their faith remains eternal. It serves as both a silent witness to their suffering and a powerful proclamation of their resilience. Through prayers, tears, and unwavering faith, the survivors of 1947 and their descendants keep the spirit of their homeland alive, forever yearning for the lands they were forced to leave but never truly lost in their hearts.

* Dr.Rajesh Bhat is a Kashmir-born Journalist, Writer and Researcher, formerly associated with Daily Excelsior, Jammu and The Tribune, Chandigarh. He is the Author of Radio Kashmir in Times of Peace & War.

New Book Release: A Study of Kashmir’s Agrarian System in Transition

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New Book Release: A Study of Kashmir’s Agrarian System in Transition
(Kashmir Rechords Reporter)

An extensive and well-researched book titled The Agrarian System during the Dogra Reign in Kashmir (1846–1889) is set to hit the shelves soon. This work delves into a critical period of Kashmir’s history, exploring the agrarian system and its impact on society during the second half of the nineteenth century.

   In this book, eminent Scholar, Professor Rattan Lal Hangloo provides an in-depth analysis of a transitional period in Kashmir’s history. While neighboring regions were moving towards modernity through political and social upheaval, Kashmir’s economy and society retained many of their medieval characteristics until the end of the nineteenth century. The author examines how the ruling elite of the time maintained control, resisting societal progress to safeguard their position.

Insights into Kashmir’s Rural Economy

The book sheds light on the competing interests among the dominant landholders and the various segments of the peasantry. Professor Hangloo meticulously explores how agricultural production was organized, including the nature of cropping patterns, agricultural technology, revenue assignments, and the role of assignees and grantees in the rural economy. He also discusses the complex relationship between land revenue administration and its impact on the peasantry, as well as trade patterns during this period.

Key Findings on Land Ownership and Manipulation of Power

One of the central revelations of the book is the absence of a pure landlord class during this era. Instead, a diverse group of land assignees and grantees manipulated the administrative system for their own benefit, further complicating the agrarian structure. Professor Hangloo’s work serves as a critical and comprehensive study of this period, offering new insights that have not been explored in such detail before.

About the Author

Professor Rattan Lal Hangloo is an esteemed scholar and historian, currently serving as Honorary Vice-Chancellor of Nobel International University (Toronto, Canada) at its USA campus and a Distinguished Visiting Professor at SRM University, Amravati, Andhra Pradesh. He has previously held notable positions such as Vice-Chancellor of the University of Kalyani, University of Allahabad, and Professor and Head of the History Department at Hyderabad Central University.

Professor Hangloo has authored numerous influential publications, including Agrarian System of Kashmir (1846–1900), State in Medieval Kashmir (reprinted in 2022 by Routledge, Francis, and Taylor), and Kashmir Before the Accession and After (2022), which was a best-seller on Amazon. His other notable works include: The Inquiries in Medieval India: Religion, Society, Culture, and Polity (2022) and Indian Diaspora in the Caribbean (2012, reprint 2015). He has also contributed over 250 papers to national and international journals.

Awards and Recognition

Professor Hangloo’s outstanding contributions to education and research have earned him several prestigious awards. These include the Senior Fulbright Fellowship (USA), DAAD Fellowship (Germany), and Fellowship by Maison des Sciences de l’Homme (FMSH), Paris. He has also been honored with the Mother Teresa International Award for Eminent Academician (2016), Sir Syed National Award for Education, and the Dewang Mehta Award for Outstanding Contribution to Education, among others.

Professor Hangloo’s research areas encompass South Asian history, politics, and culture, with a focus on the agrarian economy, state and society in medieval and modern India, and the ecological and political issues affecting Kashmir. His work continues to shape scholarly understanding of the complex dynamics of Indian and Kashmiri history.

When Election was `Jehad’ in Kashmir!

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When Election was `Jehad’ in Kashmir!
(Kashmir Rechords Exclusive)

   In the wake of the Anantnag riots of 1986, the Muslim United Front (MUF)  had emerged as a coalition of various separatist factions, including the Jammu and Kashmir Jamat-e-Islami. Their campaign was steeped in religious rhetoric, framing the elections as a form of “Islamic Jehad” .

The 1987 State Assembly elections in Jammu and Kashmir marked a pivotal moment in the region’s political history, characterized by unique circumstances that would influence its political landscape for years to come. This election not only facilitated the rise of separatist organizations but also underscored the intricate relationship between religion and politics in the area. For the first time, the elections in Kashmir were intertwined with the concept of “Jehad” (religious struggle).

   In the wake of the Anantnag riots of 1986, the Muslim United Front (MUF)  had emerged as a coalition of various separatist factions, including the Jammu and Kashmir Jamat-e-Islami. Their campaign was steeped in religious rhetoric, framing the elections as a form of “Islamic Jehad” aimed at rallying the sentiments of the populace. This strategy proved effective in consolidating the MUF’s separatist ideology, particularly  post election, as allegations of electoral rigging began to surface against the ruling party, which feared losing its grip on power.

Flayed for `Jehad’ Cry

Amidst the fervor of the MUF’s campaign, one voice stood out as a beacon of sanity: Mirwaiz Moulvi Farooq. As the leader of the Awami Action Committee (AAC), he publicly ridiculed the MUF’s characterization of the March 23, 1987 elections as a “Jehad.”  At an election rally at his party  headquarter “Mirwaiz Manzil’’ on  March 16, 1987, Mirwaiz Farooq  had urged all political parties and independent candidates to adhere to democratic norms, emphasizing that elections were a means to elect a representative government, not a religious battle. His appeal resonated deeply, as it came from one of the highest religious authorities in Kashmir.

Political observers believe that  Mirwaiz Farooq’s principled stance  had played a crucial role in tempering the fervor surrounding the MUF’s campaign. His call for peace and democratic engagement likely deterred many Kashmiris from succumbing to the separatist rhetoric. Unfortunately, this principled stand came at a grave cost; it earned him the ire of separatist factions, ultimately leading to his assassination on May 21, 1990, during a period of escalating violence in the region.

Aftermath of 1987 polls

The aftermath of the 1987 elections was tumultuous. As the results were announced amidst widespread allegations of rigging, Srinagar erupted in unrest, witnessing arson and the first low-intensity explosions that hinted at the violent plans of separatist elements, which were at crescendo in 1990. The MUF, with figures like Syed Ali Shah Geelani emerging as successful candidates, signaled another chapter in the political narrative of Jammu and Kashmir.

`Jehad’ Cry….Syed Ali Shah Geelani at an Election Rally in 1987.

Fast forward to the present, as the 2024 Assembly elections  are in the last phase, the concept of “Jehad” in the electoral context has faded into obscurity. Political parties are now primarily focused on the demand for the restoration of statehood, which has become the central theme for the majority of parties, including independents. Some of these independents still maintain allegiance to Jamaat-e-Islami, a group that is now banned in Jammu and Kashmir.

Over three decades ago, Jamaat was part of the Muslim United Front (MUF) that labeled the 1987 Assembly elections as a form of Jehad. However, in the current electoral landscape of 2024, the Jamaat appeared  eager to participate in the democratic process, seemingly overlooking its past actions that misled the people of Kashmir—first under the guise of electoral Jehad, then through armed conflict, and ultimately through “Jehad’’ against innocent civilians. Over the past three decades, countless lives have been lost in this turmoil, and now, as the region has transitioned to a Union Territory, the Jamaat’s shift in approach raises questions about its previous commitments and the impact of its past rhetoric.

Maharaja Hari Singh’s `Minister-in-Waiting’ !

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Maharaja Hari Singh’s `Minister-in-Waiting’ !
(Kashmir Rechords Exclusive)

In the intricate history of Kashmir, many individuals have left indelible marks, though their names may not always be celebrated. One such figure is P.K. Wattal, a Kashmiri Pandit and dedicated civil servant, who played a pivotal role during the early years of Maharaja Hari Singh’s reign as the “Minister-in-Waiting.” His story is one of unwavering commitment, meticulous governance, and a profound sense of duty that provided stability during a crucial period of transition.

A Unique Designation: The “Minister-in-Waiting”

When Maharaja Hari Singh was coronated between February 22 and 28, 1926, he ascended to the throne of a vast and complex princely state. The young ruler, facing immense responsibilities, relied heavily on seasoned administrators to guide him through the intricacies of governance. Among these trusted advisors was P.K. Wattal, who was bestowed with the unique and somewhat curious title of “Minister-in-Waiting.”

O/o Minister-in-Waiting: P K Wattal

To modern ears, the title may seem quaint, but it signified a role of immense responsibility. Wattal was far from a mere ceremonial figure; he was the backbone of the administration, entrusted with managing the critical affairs of the state during the formative years of Maharaja Hari Singh’s rule. His legendary work ethic meant he often took on the majority of file work and decision-making tasks, ensuring that the young Maharaja was not overwhelmed by the demands of his new position.

A Steady Hand in Uncertain Times

From 1926 to April 1930, Wattal’s tenure as Minister-in-Waiting was marked by his tireless dedication to ensuring the smooth operation of the state’s administration. His meticulous attention to detail provided a strong cushion for Maharaja Hari Singh, who was still acclimating to the responsibilities of leadership. Even when the Maharaja embarked on a European tour in May 1928, records assessed by Kashmir Rechords indicate that Wattal continued to manage the state’s affairs with unwavering diligence, leaving nothing to chance in the ruler’s absence.

Wattal’s commitment to his role did not go unnoticed. His “waiting” period culminated in May 1930, when he was promoted to the position of full-fledged Finance and Development Minister of Jammu and Kashmir. This elevation was a testament to his steadfast dedication to the state and his remarkable ability to manage its complex affairs with precision and skill.

Wattal’s elevation as Finance and Development Minister in 1930.

The Legacy of a Quiet Leader

Though P.K. Wattal’s contributions may not be widely recognized today, they were crucial in shaping the early years of Maharaja Hari Singh’s rule. His role as Minister-in-Waiting, though largely behind the scenes, was instrumental in laying the foundation for the administration’s future successes. Wattal embodied the qualities of a true public servant—dedication, humility, and an unwavering commitment to his duty.

As we reflect on the history of Kashmir’s princely era, it is essential to remember figures like Wattal, whose legacy reminds us that true leadership is not always about being in the spotlight; sometimes, it is about being the steady hand that guides from behind the scenes.

Readers are welcome to add to this story, if they have any inputs, since no one has so far written about Mr P K Wattal all these years !

Kashmir Election 2024: All Eyes on Habba Kadal

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Kashmir Election 2024: All Eyes on Habba Kadal

           (Kashmir Rechords Exclusive) 

    In the ever-complex political landscape of Jammu and Kashmir, one constituency that has consistently drawn attention is the Habba Kadal seat in the Srinagar district. Historically, it has held a unique position due to its significant Kashmiri Pandit population, which,  even before their mass migration in 1990, was viewed as a key demographic capable of tipping the scales in election outcomes. Even in infamous  1987 election and after their exodus, this constituency remains of great symbolic importance, attracting interest from both local and international communities. The upcoming election on Wednesday, September 25, 2024, is no different, as eyes from around the globe remain fixated on Habba Kadal.

The pattern of attention  in Kashmir, particularly during  any poll time, is not new; it has recurred during every election cycle,  in  any segment.   The 1987 Jammu and Kashmir State Assembly election, for instance, offers a stark reminder of the significance of  Habba Kadal  constituency. At that time, the atmosphere in the Kashmir Valley was tense, with political friction brewing, especially in sensitive areas.  According to archival reports, reproduced by Kashmir Rechords here, the day of polling, March 23, 1987, was marred by arson, clashes, and incidents of stabbing in  many  constituencies, including Habba Kadal—a level of unrest that had never been witnessed before in the area.

The 1987 election was particularly contentious, with the National Conference (NC) under Farooq Abdullah and Congress forming an alliance, bolstered by the support of the Awami Action Committee. Their primary opposition came from the Muslim United Front (MUF), a coalition of religious and separatist elements that challenged the political status quo. In Habba Kadal, the NC-Congress alliance fielded P. L. Handoo, a Kashmiri Pandit who had been shifted from Pahalgam, hoping to secure the Pandit vote that formed nearly a third of the constituency’s 60,000-strong electorate.

In 1987, the Kashmiri Pandit community was divided. While Handoo represented the NC-Congress alliance, another prominent Pandit, Tika Lal Taploo, contested the election as the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) candidate. The fractured Pandit vote became a point of intense debate within the community. H. N. Jattu, leader of the All India Kashmiri Pandit Conference (AIKPC), made an impassioned appeal to his fellow Pandits to rally behind the NC-Congress alliance. Yet, many within the community remained torn between supporting Handoo or backing Taploo, leading to deep divisions on election day.

Handoo also faced strong opposition from Mushtaq Ahmad of the MUF, and while there were three more  candidates in the fray, they were considered minor players. The combination of candidates from diverse ideological backgrounds ensured that Habba Kadal would become a flashpoint in the 1987 election, symbolizing the broader political and communal tensions of the time.

That same year, a similar high-stakes contest unfolded in  Haba Kadal’s neighbouring Amira Kadal constituency. Here, the NC’s former Minister G. M. Shah was pitted against MUF’s Mohammad Yusuf Shah, the latter being a significant figure in separatist circles. By 1987, Mohammad Yusuf Shah had already gained prominence as the “Amir-e-Jamat” of Srinagar district, a title reflecting his influence within the Jamaat-e-Islami party.

 His campaign was marked by fervent public engagement, as he moved from house to house, waving green flags emblazoned with images of the Holy Quran, calling on voters to support his cause.

Amira Kadal’s 52,000 voters represented a microcosm of the larger political dynamics playing out in Kashmir. It was a diverse constituency, with significant numbers of women, Shia Muslims, Hindus (including Punjabi State Subjects), and Sikhs. This variety of demographics made it difficult to predict the electoral outcome, as each group had to weigh their support between candidates espousing separatist ideologies or the more conventional political establishment represented by the NC-Congress alliance.

Despite the high drama and tension, P. L. Handoo ultimately won the Habba Kadal seat, while G. M. Shah secured victory in Amira Kadal, defeating Mohammad Yusuf Shah. However, these victories were overshadowed by widespread allegations of rigging, which would have long-lasting consequences for the region. The 1987 election is often cited as a catalyst for the insurgency that erupted in the Valley soon after, and Mohammad Yusuf Shah, the defeated MUF candidate, would later cross the border into Pakistan and become Syed Salahuddin, the notorious leader of the Hizbul Mujahideen militant group.

Fast forward to 2024, Habba Kadal once again finds itself at the centre of political intrigue. The upcoming election, while lacking the violent overtones of 1987, is nonetheless fraught with tension. The Kashmiri Pandit community, many of whom have resettled in other parts of India and abroad, continues to watch the constituency closely. Their political relevance may have diminished over the decades, but the symbolic value of Habba Kadal remains strong, representing a lingering connection to their homeland and a reminder of the turbulent history that has shaped both the constituency and the broader Kashmir Valley.

As polling day approaches, with some groups calling for a boycott or urging voters to press NOTA, the question remains: what will be the voting pattern and final outcome in the Habba Kadal constituency? What political dynamics will shape the electorate’s decision? And regardless of the result, will Habba Kadal continue to be known as the “Constituency of Kashmiri Pandits,” given its history of producing prominent Pandit leaders across the political spectrum?

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1987 J&K Elections: A Catalyst for Decades of Conflict

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1987 J&K Elections: A Catalyst for Decades of Conflict

In 1987 Elections, the MUF campaigned on a platform that promoted Islamic governance through “Nizam-e-Mustafa” (Islamic Rule), which presented a significant dilemma for the Indian government. The prospect of the MUF coming to power was seen as a direct threat to the State, and had MUF  succeeded, it could have radically altered the political landscape of Kashmir.

(Kashmir Rechords Exclusive)

The 1987 Jammu and Kashmir Assembly election is often seen as a watershed moment in the region’s history. Widely believed to be a turning point, the election is frequently cited as the moment when militancy in Kashmir was born, driven by widespread allegations of electoral rigging. These allegations remain a powerful reminder of the events that set the stage for Kashmir’s prolonged conflict.

Allegations of Rigging and Political Fallout

For years, separatist groups have accused both the Government of India and the State of manipulating the election results. Ironically, these claims of electoral malpractice have now been echoed by even “national political parties” in more recent times, but often for self-serving purposes. These accusations, now resurfacing during Jammu and Kashmir’s first elections since its reduction to Union Territory status, are being used to discredit the regional political figures from that era.

The Rise of the Muslim United Front

The 1987 elections saw the emergence of the Muslim United Front (MUF), a formidable political coalition that challenged the existing order. The MUF campaigned on a platform that promoted Islamic governance through “Nizam-e-Mustafa” (Islamic Rule), which presented a significant dilemma for the Indian government. The prospect of the MUF coming to power was seen as a direct threat to the State, and had MUF  succeeded, it could have radically altered the political landscape of Kashmir.

The Political Landscape of 1987

Veteran journalist S.D. Rohmetra, founder of Daily Excelsior, had foreseen the rise of the MUF and warned about its growing influence. The MUF made significant gains in regions traditionally controlled by the National Conference (NC), signalling a potential shift in political dominance. Although ultimately defeated, the MUF’s strong showing in areas like Sopore, where Syed Ali Shah Geelani defeated NC’s Abdul Ahad Vakil by over 4,000 votes, sent shockwaves through the political establishment. MUF also secured substantial votes in urban constituencies like Amirakadal and Zadibal, both NC strongholds.

Rigging Allegations

The rigging accusations surrounding the 1987 election are still debated today. Many believe that the Indian government saw an MUF victory as a destabilizing force that would have shifted the balance of power towards more radical, religious politics. To avoid this, attempts were allegedly made to ensure that the MUF was kept out of power, even if it meant manipulating the results. This perceived injustice contributed significantly to the sense of political disenfranchisement among many Kashmiris, laying the foundation for future unrest.

The Aftermath: The Rise of Militancy

The defeat of the MUF in the 1987 election was not the end of its political story. Many MUF leaders had already devised an alternative plan—Plan B—in case they were unable to secure power through the democratic process. After their defeat, several leaders crossed into Pakistan and Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK), where they received arms training. Upon their return, they initiated the insurgency that has since engulfed Kashmir in violence, a conflict that has endured for nearly four decades.

The disenfranchisement born out of the 1987 elections, coupled with the rise of radical elements within Kashmir, provided fertile ground for external influences, particularly from Pakistan. As MUF leaders took refuge and trained in PoK, they found logistical and military support to launch an armed uprising against the Indian State. This insurgency has claimed thousands of lives and left behind a legacy of bitterness, violence, and instability. Meanwhile, some nationalist political parties in India have reignited the debate over the 1987 election rigging for their electoral gain, often overlooking the long-term consequences of such rhetoric.

A Legacy of Fragile Politics

The 1987 Jammu and Kashmir elections remain a stark reminder of how fragile political institutions can be when trust in democratic processes is eroded. Whether the allegations of rigging are true or exaggerated, the perception of injustice fostered widespread disillusionment and led to the violent insurgency that continues to plague the region. For  about 40 years, the people of Jammu and  Kashmir have borne the brunt of this turmoil, as political, religious, and nationalistic forces continue to vie for control.

The legacy of the 1987 elections is more than just political—it is a deeply ingrained part of Kashmir’s social and cultural history. As Jammu and Kashmir moves forward, particularly as a Union Territory, the lessons from 1987 should not be forgotten. The future stability of the region depends on ensuring that history does not repeat itself, and that democratic institutions are strengthened to secure lasting peace and stability.

A Fallen Star: The Tragic Story of Dr. Deepak Mathu, IPS

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A Fallen Star: The Tragic Story of Dr. Deepak Mathu, IPS

What makes this story even more heartbreaking is that it wasn’t terrorists from across the border who claimed Dr. Mathu’s life, but some of  his own colleagues—people he trusted, people he worked with.

(By: Dr. Rajesh Bhat)

In the troubled landscape of Jammu and Kashmir, where militancy has claimed countless lives, the loss of talented individuals has often been overlooked. The mountains and valleys of this conflicted land have witnessed unimaginable grief, especially for those like Dr. Deepak Mathu, a bright star among the Kashmiri Pandits, whose life was tragically cut short under suspicious circumstances. His story, however, isn’t just one of a life lost to terrorism, but of a young man’s dreams, ambitions, and ultimately, betrayal by those he trusted.

A Brilliant Soul with Great Ambition

Dr. Mathu was not just any ordinary soul. He was a brilliant mind, a kind heart, and a man with a vision for the Nation. Born to devoted parents, he grew up with a fierce desire to make a difference. After completing his Medical Degree with distinction, he could have easily settled into a prestigious career as a doctor. But his ambitions were far greater. Determined to serve the Nation, he set his sights on the Indian Administrative Service (IAS), eventually earning a place in the Indian Police Service (IPS) cadre for Jammu and Kashmir. His future was bright, and his path was one that would have surely led to greatness.

But tragically, his life took an unexpected and devastating turn!

The Mysterious Death

In the early 1990s, amid the growing unrest in Srinagar, Dr. Mathu, an IPS Officer, posted in Srinagar,  was found dead under mysterious circumstances. His family, devastated by the loss, refused to believe that his death was a mere accident. The circumstances surrounding his passing raised too many questions, and it soon became clear that his life had been snuffed out as part of a sinister conspiracy. What makes this story even more heartbreaking is that it wasn’t terrorists from across the border who claimed Dr. Mathu’s life, but some of  his own colleagues—people he trusted, people he worked with.

A Father’s Unyielding Quest for Justice

For his father, the quest for justice became an unrelenting pursuit. Days turned into weeks, and weeks into months, as he knocked on every door of authority, hoping to unearth the truth behind his son’s death. Yet, every effort was met with cold bureaucracy, frustrating delays, and the callousness of a system that often fails to protect its best and brightest. Despite his tireless efforts, Dr. Mathu’s father was left without answers.

But his love for his son never waned. Even in the face of this crushing silence, Dr. Mathu’s parents found a way to honor their fallen hero. For months after his death, they would visit newspaper offices, carrying their son’s photograph—dressed proudly in his police uniform—hoping that the world would remember their son not just as another victim of the militancy, but as a man of honor, integrity, and boundless potential.

The Pain of Betrayal

The killing of innocents, especially those by conspiracy, is a betrayal of the highest order. It’s a wound that cuts deeper than any other. While terrorism in Kashmir has taken the lives of many, the cold-blooded conspiracy that claimed the life of Dr. Mathu is a reminder of a different kind of darkness—the kind that grows within. His death was not just a loss to his family, but to the Nation, to the people he had set out to protect.

Dr. Deepak Mathu  was a man who had the world at his feet, a son who made his parents proud, and a patriot who wanted to serve his country. His untimely death left a void that can never be filled. Unfortunately, most of us have forgotten him….But as long as his story is told, his memory will live on—not just as a victim of a conspiracy, but as a symbol of what Kashmir, and indeed the entire Nation, lost during those dark days. His father’s quest for justice continues to echo in the hearts of those who still remember, a reminder that some wounds can never heal until the truth is known.

Annie Besant’s Warning  to Kashmiri Pandits in 1903!

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Annie Besant’s Warning  to Kashmiri Pandits in 1903!

Besant’s letter warned that without swift action, missionaries could seize the opportunity to establish their own college, steering Kashmiri youth away from their cultural roots. “Do you want your children to turn into ‘Native Christians’?

(Kashmir Rechords Exclusive)

Over 120 years ago, in a powerful and impassioned letter, Annie Besant, President of the Board of Trustees of the Central Hindu College, Benares, made a heartfelt appeal to Kashmiri Pandits living in Undivided India! Her message was clear: rise to the occasion and support the establishment of a Hindu  college in Srinagar. “The time has come for Kashmiri Pandits to contribute to the education of their homeland, or risk seeing their youth steered towards foreign ideals by Christian missionaries, flush with funds from English donors,” she warned.

Besant’s letter, published and circulated in major newspapers and journals of the time, was a rallying cry to preserve the cultural and intellectual future of Kashmir. She highlighted the urgent need for funds to elevate the Hindu High School in Srinagar—established in 1901 with the support of Maharaja Pratap Singh and his brother Amar Singh—into a second-grade college. Without this, Kashmiri students had to travel to distant cities like Lahore for higher education, a privilege many could not afford. Kashmir Rechords is in possession of this prized archival letter and is reproducing some of its  excerpts here.

Kashmir  Education at a Crossroad

At the heart of Besant’s letter was the belief that the educational future of Kashmir was at a critical juncture. The lack of higher education in the Valley meant that non-Kashmiris filled most senior positions in the State, an issue that deeply concerned both the Maharaja and the State Durbar, she warned. To remedy this, they were determined to build and fund a college in Srinagar. However, progress was being stalled, and Besant’s letter sought the active support of the prosperous Kashmiri Pandit community living in British India to make this vision a reality.

Besant’s letter warned that without swift action, missionaries could seize the opportunity to establish their own college, steering Kashmiri youth away from their cultural roots. “Do you want your children to turn into ‘Native Christians’?” she asked in her letter, pointing to the urgent need for preserving the region’s traditions through education.

Annie Besant’s Plan: A Call for Contributions

Besant’s appeal focused on a practical solution: regular financial contributions from Kashmiri Pandits. She outlined the importance of guaranteed monthly subscriptions—whether Rs. 5, Rs. 10, Rs. 25, Rs. 50, or Rs. 100—to ensure the long-term success of the college. “Many of you can afford this without feeling any financial strain,” she reassured, urging the community to act swiftly.

Donations, along with the first month’s subscription, could be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Central Hindu College, Benaras, clearly marked for the “Kashmir College Fund.” One-time donations for initial expenses were also welcome, but regular support was essential for ensuring the stability of the college in the years to come.

Empowering Kashmir’s Youth

Since its establishment in 1901, the Hindu High School in Srinagar had provided quality education to over 600 boys, with two additional branch schools serving younger students. The Maharaja, eager to promote higher education in his State, had worked tirelessly with the Durbar to raise the status of the school to that of a second-grade college. Yet, without sufficient funds, this vision was under threat.

At the time, Kashmiri students who wished to pursue higher education had no option but to leave the Valley for places like Lahore. For those unable to afford this, higher education remained a distant dream, and the local administration struggled to fill top government positions with qualified Kashmiri candidates. Annie Besant’s appeal came at a crucial moment, urging the community to take control of their own educational destiny.

The Legacy of Annie Besant’s Appeal

Following Besant’s passionate plea, a local managing committee was formed in Srinagar to oversee the efforts to establish the college.  There is a mention of the same in her letter. The committee included prominent figures like Dr. Bal Krishna Kaul, Rai Sahab Daya Krishna Kaul (Private Secretary to the Maharaja), Bhavani Das (Revenue Officer), Swami Baldev Ji and H.A. Wilson (Principal of the Srinagar Hindu High School), with Rishivara Mukherji serving as Honorary Secretary.

The Maharaja gladly obliged, and in 1905, the foundation of the Hindu College was laid. Initially operating from two rooms near the present-day Secretariat building, the college was eventually shifted to its permanent site in 1911.

The institution, later renamed Sri Pratap College, became affiliated with Panjab University, Lahore, marking the beginning of higher education in Kashmir. Besant’s efforts, combined with the support of the Kashmiri Pandit community, ensured that the youth of Kashmir could now pursue their academic aspirations without leaving their homeland. The future of Kashmiri education had been secured, and the cultural and intellectual heritage of the Valley was preserved for generations to come.

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  • At Kashmir Rechords, we are committed to bringing you unique, untold stories from Jammu & Kashmir, grounded in authenticity and supported by solid evidence. Every write-up is carefully researched, verified through archival materials, documents, letters, photographs, and credible references.
  • With the unwavering support of our readers, we aim to make Kashmir Rechords a trusted repository of genuine historical insights, striking a meaningful chord with the rich heritage of Kashmir.

J&K `Sharabi Congress’ : Where Policy Meets Party!

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J&K `Sharabi Congress’ : Where Policy Meets Party!

(Kashmir Rechords Exclusive)

It’s election season in Jammu and Kashmir, and along with the heat of political rallies, there’s a delightful breeze of humour wafting through the region. As the erstwhile State preps for its first Union Territory polls, voters are not just talking about candidates—they’re swapping stories about the quirky characters and legendary “contenders” from days gone by.

Let’s introduce you to one such gem: the famous `Sharabi Congress’, a party that, well, was less about policy and more about party! The general secretary of this, shall we say, spirited group was none other than Ram Swaroop Chaudhary, a journalist by profession and an election candidate by obsession.

Chronic Contestants

Now, here’s where it gets fun. Chaudhary, bless his dedication, was the type of candidate you couldn’t help but admire—even if his vote counts were the stuff of punchlines. He contested in everything from panchayat polls to Parliamentary elections, becoming a regular on the election scene. In fact, his relentless participation earned him the nickname “Chronic Contestant,” the man who seemed destined for the ballot, if not the victory podium. He  had a journalist counter-part from Kashmir, Mr P. N Kaul Vakil, who too had a distinction of contesting all elections from Kashmir, including the one held in 1987.

Records available with Kashmir Rechords reveal that Chaudhary contested elections from as early as 1983, when he tried his luck in the Jammu West constituency. In 1987, he made a bold strategic move and shifted to Jammu East, vying for an Assembly seat among 19 other hopefuls. But it wasn’t until the 1996 Parliamentary elections that Chaudhary truly made his mark—well, a small mark. He bagged an awe-inspiring 4,976 votes. To put that in perspective, in the 1987 Assembly polls, he managed to snag… drumroll… three whole votes! Hey, every vote counts, right?

Bottled Dreams

The cherry on top of this electoral cocktail was Chaudhary’s “bottle dream.” The man had his heart set on one symbol: a bottle. Every election, he’d approach the authorities, pleading for his permanent party symbol to be a bottle—his way of representing the drinking masses, or so he claimed. Unfortunately, his request was never met. He was every time granted different election symbol as an Independent Candidate.

Different Election Symbols granted to Sharabi Congress in various elections

According to noted Journalist, R C Ganjoo, Ram Swaroop’s  manifesto, too, was something straight out of an alternative universe. Among his bold promises? Lowering the drinking age to 18, providing a liquor tap for every family that wanted one, and setting up “drinking sheds” throughout his constituency. Visionary, right?

Now, while Chaudhary and his Sharabi Congress might have been the toast of J&K’s quirky political scene, they weren’t the only unique party in town. There was also Congress Tiwari—that  tried to make a splash in 1996 J&K elections too. Neither quite managed to leave an indelible mark, but their spirit of contesting never wavered.

To top it all off, Chaudhary had an equally eccentric group of supporters. One such supporter was an Editor of a Jammu-based newspaper “ Be Kafan Janaza’’. Not only did this editor offer complimentary space in his own publication, but he even paid for advertisements  in other newspapers.

 Dharti Pakads

Of course, J&K isn’t unique in producing chronic contestants. Every state in India has its very own “Dharti Pakkads”—those candidates who cling to the political landscape year after year, poll after poll. The term itself stems from a gentleman who famously filed papers for every possible election, including Presidential ones. Their determination, like Chaudhary’s, is as solid as the ground they stand on, even if their voter base is as shaky as their election results.

So, as the Union Territory heads to the polls, remember the unsung heroes of democracy—the candidates who never give up, no matter how many votes they get. Cheers to them, and especially to Ram Swaroop who will forever be remembered as the man who dreamt of a bottle on the ballot.

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